Electrodes synthesized from carbon nanostructures coated with a smooth and conformal metal adlayer
High-surface-area carbon nanostructures coated with a smooth and conformal submonolayer-to-multilayer thin metal films and their method of manufacture are described. The preferred manufacturing process involves the initial oxidation of the carbon nanostructures followed by a surface preparation process involving immersion in a solution with the desired pH to create negative surface dipoles. The nanostructures are subsequently immersed in an alkaline solution containing a suitable quantity of non-noble metal ions which adsorb at surface reaction sites. The metal ions are then reduced via chemical or electrical means. The nanostructures are exposed to a solution containing a salt of one or more noble metals which replace adsorbed non-noble surface metal atoms by galvanic displacement. The process can be controlled and repeated to obtain a desired film coverage. The resulting coated nanostructures may be used, for example, as high-performance electrodes in supercapacitors, batteries, or other electric storage devices.
1. An electrode comprising an aggregate of carbon nanostructures, the carbon nanostructures conformally coated with a contiguous atomic layer of noble metal atoms, wherein the atomic layer is selected from the group consisting of a monolayer of noble metal atoms and a bilayer of noble metal atoms.
2. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanostructures are selected from the group consisting of fullerenes, single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and carbon nanohorns.
3. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the noble metal atoms comprise ruthenium.
4. An aggregate of carbon nanostructures, the carbon nanostructures conformally coated with a thin film of a transition metal, said thin film selected from the group consisting of a monolayer and bilayer of noble metal atoms.
5. The aggregate of claim 4 wherein the carbon nanostructures are selected from the group consisting of fullerenes, single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and carbon nanohorns.
6. The aggregate of claim 4 wherein the transition metal is a noble metal.
7. The aggregate of claim 6 wherein the noble metal consists of ruthenium.
8. An electrode comprised of an aggregate of carbon nanohorns, the carbon nanohorns conformally coated with a contiguous atomic layer of ruthenium atoms wherein the atomic layer is selected from the group consisting of a monolayer ruthenium atoms and a bilayer of ruthenium atoms, said atomic layer of ruthenium atoms being formed using a method comprising: oxidizing a surface of the carbon nanohorns; forming a dipole at the surface of the carbon nanohorns; adsorbing metal ions on the surface of the carbon nanohorns; reducing the adsorbed metal ions; and immersing the carbon nanohorns in a solution containing a salt of ruthenium to form the atomic layer of ruthenium.
9. A supercapacitor comprising: a first electrode comprising an aggregate of carbon nanostructures, the carbon nanostructures conformally coated with a contiguous atomic layer of noble metal atoms, said first electrode being saturated with an electrolyte solution and in electrical contact with a first current collector; a second electrode comprising carbon nanostructures coated with a contiguous atomic layer of noble metal atoms, said second electrode being saturated with an electrolyte solution and in electrical contact with a second current collector; and a separator layer which electrically insulates the first electrode from the second electrode, wherein the contiguous atomic layer is selected from the group consisting of a monolayer of noble atoms and a bilayer of noble metal atoms.
10. The supercapacitor of claim 9 wherein the carbon nanostructures are selected from the group consisting of fullerenes, single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and carbon nanohorns.
11. The supercapacitor of claim 9 wherein the noble metal consists of ruthenium.
12. An aggregate of carbon nanohorns, the carbon nanohorns conformally coated with a contiguous atomic monolayer or bilayer of ruthenium atoms.