Methods for preparation of graphene nanoribbons from carbon nanotubes and compositions, thin films and devices derived therefrom
Methods for producing macroscopic quantities of oxidized graphene nanoribbons are disclosed herein. The methods include providing a plurality of carbon nanotubes and reacting the plurality of carbon nanotubes with at least one oxidant to form oxidized graphene nanoribbons. The at least one oxidant is operable to longitudinally open the carbon nanotubes. In some embodiments, the reacting step takes place in the presence of at least one acid. In some embodiments, the reacting step takes place in the presence of at least one protective agent. Various embodiments of the present disclosure also include methods for producing reduced graphene nanoribbons by reacting oxidized graphene nanoribbons with at least one reducing agent. Oxidized graphene nanoribbons, reduced graphene nanoribbons and compositions and articles derived therefrom are also disclosed herein.
1. A method for preparing oxidized graphene nanoribbons, said method comprising:
providing a plurality of carbon nanotubes; and
reacting the plurality of carbon nanotubes with at least one oxidant;
wherein the reacting occurs under conditions where the at least one oxidant longitudinally opens the carbon nanotubes by breaking carbon-carbon double bonds along the longitudinal axes of the carbon nanotubes to form oxidized graphene nanoribbons that are structurally intact, and
wherein each carbon nanotube produces individual oxidized graphene nanoribbon.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one oxidant comprises a transition metal that mediates a cis oxidation of double bonds of the carbon nanotubes during the reacting step.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one oxidant is selected from the group consisting of permanganate, ferrate, osmate, ruthenate, chlorate, chlorite, nitrate, osmium tetroxide, ruthenium tetroxide, lead dioxide, and combinations thereof.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one oxidant comprises potassium permanganate.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one oxidant is present in at least a stoichiometric amount relative to an amount of carbon in the plurality of carbon nanotubes.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one oxidant is present in a sub-stoichiometric amount relative to an amount of carbon in the plurality of carbon nanotubes.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reacting step occurs in the presence of at least one acid.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the at least one oxidant comprises potassium permanganate.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the at least one acid is selected from the group consisting of oleum, sulfuric acid, chlorosulfonic acid, fluorosulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, and combinations thereof.
10. The method of claim 7 , wherein the reacting step occurs in the presence of at least one protective agent.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the at least one oxidant comprises potassium permanganate.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the at least one protective agent is selected from the group consisting of trifluoroacetic acid; phosphoric acid; orthophosphoric acid; metaphosphoric acid; polyphosphoric acid; boric acid; trifluoroacetic anhydride; phosphoric anhydride; orthophosphoric anhydride; metaphosphoric anhydride; polyphosphoric anhydride; boric anhydride; mixed anhydrides of trifluoroacetic acid, phosphoric acid, orthophosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, and boric acid; and combinations thereof.
13. The method of claim 10 , further comprising: reacting the oxidized graphene nanoribbons with at least one reducing agent to form reduced graphene nanoribbons.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the step of reacting the oxidized graphene nanoribbons with at least one reducing agent is conducted in the presence of at least one surfactant.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the step of reacting the oxidized graphene nanoribbons with at least one reducing agent is conducted on a surface.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein the at least one reducing agent is selected from the group consisting of hydrazines, iodides, phosphines, phosphites, sulfides, sulfites, hydrosulfites, borohydrides, cyanoborohydrides, aluminum hydrides, boranes, hydroxylamine, diimine, lithium aluminum hydride, hydrogen, and combinations thereof.
17. The method of claim 13 , wherein the at least one reducing agent comprises hydrazine.
18. The method of claim 7 , further comprising: reacting the oxidized graphene nanoribbons with at least one reducing agent to form reduced graphene nanoribbons.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the step of reacting the oxidized graphene nanoribbons with at least one reducing agent is conducted in the presence of at least one surfactant.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein the step of reacting the oxidized graphene nanoribbons with at least one reducing agent is conducted on a surface.
21. The method of claim 18 , wherein the at least one reducing agent is selected from the group consisting of hydrazines, iodides, phosphines, phosphites, sulfides, sulfites, hydrosulfites, borohydrides, cyanoborohydrides, aluminum hydrides, boranes, hydroxylamine, diimine, lithium aluminum hydride, hydrogen, and combinations thereof.
22. The method of claim 18 , wherein the at least one reducing agent comprises hydrazine.
23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanotubes comprise single-wall carbon nanotubes; and
wherein the oxidized graphene nanoribbons comprise widths less than about 10 nm.
24. The method of claim 10 , wherein the carbon nanotubes comprise single-wall carbon nanotubes; and
wherein the oxidized graphene nanoribbons comprise widths less than about 10 nm.
25. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanotubes comprise multi-wall carbon nanotubes; and
wherein a majority of the oxidized graphene nanoribbons have widths greater than about 100 nm.
26. The method of claim 10 , wherein the carbon nanotubes comprise multi-wall carbon nanotubes; and
wherein a majority of the oxidized graphene nanoribbons have widths greater than about 10 nm.
27. The method of claim 1 , further comprising: functionalizing the oxidized graphene nanoribbons with a plurality of polymers.
28. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of carbon nanotubes comprise an array of vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes.
29. A method for preparing oxidized graphene nanoribbons, said method comprising:
providing a plurality of multi-wall carbon nanotubes; and
reacting the plurality of multi-wall carbon nanotubes with at least one oxidant in the presence of at least one acid;
wherein the reacting occurs under conditions where the at least one oxidant longitudinally opens the multi-wall carbon nanotubes by breaking carbon-carbon double bonds along the longitudinal axes of the multi-wall carbon nanotubes to form oxidized graphene nanoribbons that are structurally intact, and
wherein each multi-wall carbon nanotube produces individual oxidized graphene nanoribbon.
30. The method of claim 29 , wherein the at least one oxidant comprises potassium permanganate and the at least one acid is selected from the group consisting of oleum, sulfuric acid, chlorosulfonic acid, fluorosulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, and combinations thereof.
31. A method for preparing oxidized graphene nanoribbons, said method comprising:
providing a plurality of multi-wall carbon nanotubes; and
reacting the plurality of multi-wall carbon nanotubes with at least one oxidant in the presence of at least one protective agent and at least one acid;
wherein the reacting occurs under conditions where the at least one oxidant longitudinally opens the multi-wall carbon nanotubes by breaking carbon-carbon double bonds along the longitudinal axes of the multi-wall carbon nanotubes to form oxidized graphene nanoribbons that are structurally intact, and
wherein each multi-wall carbon nanotube produces individual oxidized graphene nanoribbon is.
32. The method of claim 31 , wherein the at least one oxidant comprises potassium permanganate, the at least one acid is selected from the group consisting of oleum, sulfuric acid, chlorosulfonic acid, fluorosulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, and combinations thereof, and the at least one protective agent is selected from the group consisting of trifluoroacetic acid; phosphoric acid; orthophosphoric acid; metaphosphoric acid; polyphosphoric acid; boric acid; trifluoroacetic anhydride; phosphoric anhydride; orthophosphoric anhydride; metaphosphoric anhydride; polyphosphoric anhydride; boric anhydride; mixed anhydrides of trifluoroacetic acid, phosphoric acid, orthophosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, and boric acid; and combinations thereof.
33. The method of claim 31 , wherein vicinal diols form on the formed graphene nanoribbons from the oxidant during the reacting step, and wherein the at least one protective agent reacts with the vicinal diols that form during the reacting step.