Peptide biomarkers of cardiovascular disease
The presently-disclosed subject matter provides methods for diagnosing a cardiovascular disease in a subject by determining an amount of one or more peptide biomarkers disclosed herein in a biological sample from the subject. The presently-disclosed subject matter further provides methods for determining treatment efficacy and/or progression of a cardiovascular disease in a subject by measuring amounts of one or more of the biomarkers in a biological sample from the subject. The presently-disclosed subject matter also provides antibodies and kits for measuring the biomarkers.
1. A method for diagnosing a cardiovascular disease in a subject, comprising:
(a) determining an amount of at least one peptide in a biological sample from the subject, the at least one peptide having an amino acid sequence comprising sequence identification number 7 (SEQ ID NO:7), and
(b) comparing the amount of the at least one peptide in the sample with a control level, wherein if the amount determined in (a) is different than the control level, the subject is diagnosed as having, or at an increased risk of developing, the cardiovascular disease.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein determining the amount of the at least one peptide comprises determining the amount of the at least one peptide in the sample using mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, immunoassay analysis, or both.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the MS analysis comprises matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) MS analysis or electrospray ionization (ESI) MS.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the MALDI-TOF MS analysis is direct-spot MALDI-TOF or liquid chromatography MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis.
5. The method of claim 2 , wherein the immunoassay analysis comprises an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one peptide is isolated from a fraction of the sample selected from the group consisting of a bound fraction and an unbound fraction.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the hound fraction is a fraction selected from the group consisting of an albumin-bound fraction and an immunoglobulin-bound fraction.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one peptide is a plurality of peptides.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample is selected from the group consisting of a saliva sample, a blood sample, a serum sample, a plasma sample, and a urine sample.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is human.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is a diabetic subject.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cardiovascular disease is a coronary artery disease (CAD), a peripheral vascular disease, or both.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the CAD comprises atherosclerosis.
14. A method for determining treatment efficacy and/or progression of a cardiovascular disease in a subject, comprising:
(a) determining an amount of at least one peptide in a first biological sample collected from the subject at a first time point, the at least one peptide having an amino acid sequence comprising sequence identification number 7 (SEQ ID NO:7),
(b) determining an amount of the at least one peptide comprising sequence identification number 7 (SEQ ID NO:7), in a second biological sample from the subject at a second time point; and
(c) comparing the amounts of the at least one peptide in the first and second samples, wherein a change in the amounts of the at least one peptide from the first and second samples is correlated with determining treatment efficacy and/or progression of the cardiovascular disease in the subject.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein determining the amount of the at least one peptide in the first and second biological samples comprises quantitating the amount of the at least one peptide in the samples using mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, immunoassay analysis, or both.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the MS analysis comprises matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) MS analysis or electrospray ionization (ESI) MS.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the MALDI-TOF MS analysis is direct-spot MALDI-TOF or liquid chromatography MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis.
18. The method of claim 15 , wherein the immunoassay analysis comprises an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
19. The method of claim 14 , wherein the at least one peptide is isolated from a fraction of the sample selected from the group consisting of a bound fraction and an unbound fraction.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the bound fraction is a fraction selected from the group consisting of an albumin-bound fraction and an immunoglobulin-bound fraction.
21. The method of claim 14 , wherein the at least one peptide is a plurality of peptides.
22. The method of claim 14 , wherein in the first and second biological samples are independently selected from the group consisting of a saliva sample, a blood sample, a serum sample, a plasma sample, and a urine sample.
23. The method of claim 14 , wherein the subject is human.
24. The method of claim 14 , wherein the subject is a diabetic subject.
25. The method of claim 14 , wherein the cardiovascular disease is a coronary artery disease (CAD), a peripheral vascular disease, or both.
26. The method of claim 25 , wherein the CAD comprises atherosclerosis.
27. The method of claim 14 , wherein the first time point is prior to initiation of a treatment for the cardiovascular disease and the second time point is after initiation of the treatment.
28. The method of claim 14 , wherein the first time point is prior to onset of the cardiovascular disease and the second time point is after onset of the cardiovascular disease.