Methods of making snack food products and products made thereby
Methods of making low-fat or fat free snack food products, and products made according to the methods, in which food pieces are subjected to enzyme and/or cation treatment and/or specific cooking and/or drying techniques, to provide for snack food products having the texture, flavor, and other characteristics of conventional full-fat products.
1. A method of making a snack food product comprising,
(a) providing a plurality of cut or shaped food pieces;
(b) exposing the food pieces for about 0.5-5 minutes to a solution comprising about 0.1-5 wt-% of one or more starch reducing enzymes;
(c) thereafter blanching the food pieces for a time sufficient to inactivate the starch-reducing enzymes and naturally occurring enzymes, wherein the food pieces have an initial moisture level of about 80-85% after the blanching step;
(d) heating a bulk quantity of the blanched food pieces in one or more ovens or driers by bringing the food pieces to a first temperature at about 275-375° F. for a first time period of about 0.5-25 minutes, to reduce the initial moisture level to an intermediate level; and
(e) heating a bulk quantity of the intermediate moisture food pieces in the one or more ovens or driers by bringing the food pieces to a second temperature within the range of about 225-300° F. for a second time period of about 4-12 minutes, wherein the second temperature is lower than the first temperature, wherein at least one of steps (d) or (e) comprises fluidizing the food pieces in air, and wherein steps (d) and (e) are conducted in the absence of frying in oil to reduce the initial moisture level to a final moisture level of about 0.5 to about 10% by weight to yield the snack food product comprising up to about 15 wt-% fat; so that the snack food product exhibits one or more characteristic of a snack food product produced by frying a food piece in oil wherein the characteristic is selected from the group consisting of texture, flavor, crispness, crunchiness, color and appearance.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solution further comprises one or more cations.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the one or more cations are provided by a member independently selected from the group consisting of alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts and group VA metal compounds.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the one or more cations are provided by a member independently selected from the group consisting of calcium salts, magnesium salts, potassium salts, aluminum compounds and nitrogen compounds.
5. The method of claim 2 , wherein the one or more cations is present in the solution at a concentration of about 0.1 to about 5% by weight.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the enzymes are selected from one or more of amylase or amyloglucosidase.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more enzymes do not comprise a high-temperature enzyme.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the final moisture level is reduced to about 0.5 to about 5% by weight.
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising a step of applying a predetermined amount of natural and/or synthetic fat and/or oil to the food pieces or to the snack food product.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the snack food product has an average force of fracture of less than or equal to 12 N, and an average Young's modulus of equal to or greater than about 3.5 N/mm.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein said blanching comprises a wet blanch.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein said wet blanch comprises treating said cut food pieces in an aqueous solution at a temperature of about 140° F.-248° F., and for about 30 seconds to about 10 minutes.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein said blanching step comprises a dry blanch.
14. The method of claim 9 , wherein step c) comprises the fat and/or oil application step to said blanched food pieces after the blanching step.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the food is a vegetable or a fruit.
16. The method of claim 9 wherein the snack food product is made from pieces of potato.
17. The method of claim 1 wherein the one or more ovens or driers in step (d) and/or step (e) comprise a vacuum drier.
18. The method of claim 1 wherein the one or more ovens or driers in step (d) and/or step (e) comprises a microwave oven or drier.