Method and apparatus for the continous production of low concentrations of chlorine dioxide from low concentrations of aqueous chlorite
Provided are methods and systems for continuously producing low concentrations of chlorine dioxide from dilute solutions of sodium chlorite. The low concentrations of chlorine dioxide produced allow for reduced exposure risk with direct application of the chlorine dioxide stream. The incorporation of a suitable chlorine dioxide detector permits continuous monitoring and control of chlorine dioxide production ensuring that the process stays within regulatory guidelines. Pretreatment of reaction water is preferred for achieving suitable conversion rates of the low concentrations of chlorite to chlorine dioxide.
1. A method for the continuous production of an aqueous stream containing low concentrations of chlorine dioxide, comprising:
forming a low concentration chlorite feed stream;
exposing the feed stream to UV radiation sufficient to convert no more than 10% of the chlorite to chlorine dioxide and thereby produce an aqueous product stream having target chlorine dioxide concentration suitable for direct application in an open environment;
determining a chlorine dioxide concentration in the product stream; and
controlling the chlorite feed stream based on the determined chlorine dioxide concentration.
2. The method for the continuous production of an aqueous stream containing low concentrations of chlorine dioxide according to claim 1 , wherein:
the low concentration chlorite feed stream has a chlorite concentration of no more than 10 ppm.
3. The method for the continuous production of an aqueous stream containing low concentrations of chlorine dioxide according to claim 1 , wherein:
the target chlorine dioxide concentration is no more than 1 ppm.
4. The method for the continuous production of an aqueous stream containing low concentrations of chlorine dioxide according to claim 1 , wherein:
the target chlorine dioxide concentration is no more than 750 ppb.
5. The method for the continuous production of an aqueous stream containing low concentrations of chlorine dioxide according to claim 1 , wherein:
the target chlorine dioxide concentration is from 0.00005 wt % to 0.00002 wt %.
6. The method for the continuous production of an aqueous stream containing low concentrations of chlorine dioxide according to claim 1 , wherein forming the low concentration chlorite feed stream further comprises:
forming a concentrated chlorite solution;
forming a feed water stream; and
mixing a quantity of the concentrated chlorite solution with the feed water stream.
7. The method for the continuous production of an aqueous stream containing low concentrations of chlorine dioxide according to claim 6 , wherein forming a feed water stream further comprises:
treating a water stream from a municipal water source to improve chlorite conversion.
8. The method for the continuous production of an aqueous stream containing low concentrations of chlorine dioxide according to claim 7 , wherein treating a water stream from a municipal water source further comprises:
subjecting the water stream to a least one operation selected from a group consisting of filtering, softening, adjusting pH, reverse osmosis treatment and ion exchange treatment.
9. The method for the continuous production of an aqueous stream containing low concentrations of chlorine dioxide according to claim 1 , wherein exposing the feed stream to UV radiation sufficient to produce an aqueous product stream having target chlorine dioxide concentration further comprises:
controlling at least one of the intensity of the UV radiation and the duration of the exposure of the feed stream to UV radiation whereby an increase or a decrease of more than 50% in the exposure reduces the chlorite conversion.