Device and method for producing and/or confining a plasma

1. A device for producing and/or confining a plasma, comprising:

a chamber in the space of which the plasma is produced and/or confined, said chamber comprising a wall having a wall surface internal to the chamber and encompassing the space; and

one or more assemblies for producing and/or confining plasma, each assembly being composed of at least one pair of joined magnets arranged end to end along an axial magnetisation direction, wherein the magnets of each pair have opposite magnetisation directions and wherein magnet ends having the same magnetic pole face each other at the junction between the magnets of each pair, each assembly being partially recessed in the wall of the chamber, such that the direction of magnetisation of all the magnets making up each assembly is substantially perpendicular to the wall surface and such that each assembly is substantially symmetrical with respect to the wall surface, the magnetic field lines not passing through the wall of the chamber.

2. The device of claim 1 , comprising a plurality of assemblies arranged in the wall surface in order to form a two-dimensional or three-dimensional array.

3. The device of claim 2 , wherein the array is square or hexagonal.

4. The device of claim 1 , wherein at least one assembly also comprises at least one elementary plasma source comprising a coaxial microwave applicator comprising a central core, the applicator passing through the wall of the chamber.

5. The device of claim 4 , wherein the assembly comprises magnets with an axial magnetisation direction recessed in the central core of the applicator.

6. The device of claim 4 , wherein the assembly comprises magnets with an axial magnetisation direction recessed in the wall of the chamber at the external periphery of the applicator.

7. The device of claim 1 , wherein the assembly comprises an element made from soft iron or with a relative magnetic permeability equal to 1.

8. The device of claim 4 , wherein the coaxial applicator comprises a dielectric material disposed around the central core, at least over part of the length of the applicator, or comprises vacuum at low and very low pressure.

9. The device of claim 4 , wherein each magnet delivers a magnetic field of amplitude B 0 that satisfies the equation f 0 =eB0/2πme where:

f 0 is the frequency of the microwave electrical field applied by the coaxial applicator,

e is the electron charge, and

me is the mass of the electron,

to enable plasma to be produced at low pressure by electron cyclotron resonance.

10. A method of producing and/or confining a plasma in a chamber, said chamber comprising a wall having a surface internal to the chamber, said wall surface encompassing a space in which the plasma is produced and/or confined, said method comprising a step wherein one or more plasma production and/or confinement assemblies are provided, each assembly being composed of at least one pair of joined magnets arranged end to end along an axial magnetisation direction, wherein the magnets of each pair have opposite magnetisation directions and wherein magnet ends having the same magnetic pole face each other at the junction between the magnets of each pair, each assembly being partially recessed in the wall, such that the magnetisation direction of all the magnets making up each assembly is substantially perpendicular to the wall surface and such that the assembly is substantially symmetrical with respect to the wall surface, the magnetic field lines thus passing through the wall of the chamber to a minimum extent.

11. A device for producing and/or confining a plasma, comprising a chamber in the space of which the plasma is produced and/or confined, said chamber comprising a wall having a wall surface internal to the chamber and encompassing the space, said device comprising:

a plasma source comprising a coaxial microwave applicator passing through the wall, said coaxial microwave applicator having a free end through which microwaves are brought to the chamber; and

at least one assembly arranged at the free end of the coaxial microwave applicator, said at least one assembly comprising at least one pair of joined magnets arranged end to end along an axial magnetisation direction, wherein the magnets of each pair have opposite magnetisation directions and wherein magnet ends having the same magnetic pole face each other at the junction between the magnets of each pair, each assembly being partially recessed in the wall of the chamber, such that the direction of magnetisation of all the magnets making up each assembly is substantially perpendicular to the wall surface and such that the assembly is substantially symmetrical with respect to the wall surface, the magnetic field lines not passing through the wall of the chamber.