Photodegradation catalyst and photodegradation catalyst precursor comprising metal halide or metal oxyhalide
A photodegradation catalyst or a photodegradation catalyst precursor comprises a plurality of domains of an oxide of a first metal distributed in a substrate of a halide or oxyhalide of a second metal, wherein the mole percentage of the halide or oxyhalide of the second metal is above 50%. Additionally, a method of preparing a photodegradation catalyst or a photodegradation catalyst precursor, a photodegradation catalyst or a photodegradation catalyst precursor obtained from the method and a method of treating organic pollutants or substances in air or water by using the photodegradation catalyst or the photodegradation catalyst precursor are illustrated.
1. A photodegradation catalyst or a photodegradation catalyst precursor comprising a plurality of domains of an oxide of a first metal distributed in a substrate of a halide or oxyhalide of a second metal, wherein the mole percentage of the halide or oxyhalide of the second metal is above 50%.
2. The photodegradation catalyst or the photodegradation catalyst precursor of claim 1 , wherein the mole percentage of the halide or oxyhalide is from about 70% to about 95%.
3. The photodegradation catalyst or the photodegradation catalyst precursor of claim 2 , wherein the mole percentage of the halide or oxyhalide is about 90%.
4. The photodegradation catalyst or the photodegradation catalyst precursor of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of domains of the oxide of the first metal have a size ranging from 1 to 500 nm.
5. The photodegradation catalyst or the photodegradation catalyst precursor of claim 4 , wherein the plurality of domains of the oxide of the first metal have a size ranging from 2 to 250 nm.
6. The photodegradation catalyst or the photodegradation catalyst precursor of claim 5 , wherein the plurality of domains of the oxide of the first metal have a size ranging from 5 to 100 nm.
7. The photodegradation catalyst or the photodegradation catalyst precursor of claim 1 , wherein the halide or oxyhalide is fluoride or oxyfluoride, respectively.
8. The photodegradation catalyst or the photodegradation catalyst precursor of claim 7 , wherein the halide of the second metal comprises NaF, MgF 2 , CaF 2 , SrF 2 , BaF 2 or mixtures thereof.
9. The photodegradation catalyst or the photodegradation catalyst precursor of claim 7 , wherein the oxyhalide of the second metal comprises YOF, LaOF, SmOF, NdOF, EuOF, GdOF, TbOF, YbOF or mixtures thereof.
10. The photodegradation catalyst or the photodegradation catalyst precursor of claim 1 , wherein the oxide of the first metal comprises TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , V 2 O 5 , Nb 2 O 5 , Ta 2 O 5 , Cr 2 O 3 , MoO 3 , WO 3 , MnO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , RuO 2 , Ru 2 O 3 , RuO, Re 2 O 7 , CO 2 O 3 , NiO, ZnO, CdO, Ga 2 O 3 , In 2 O 3 , Tl 2 O 3 , SnO 2 , Sb 2 O 3 , TeO 3 , TeO 2 , Y 2 O 3 , La 2 O 3 , Sm 2 O 3 , CeO 2 , TbO, TbO 2 , Eu 2 O 3 , NdO, NdO 2 , GdO, GdO 2 or mixtures thereof.
11. The photodegradation catalyst or the photodegradation catalyst precursor of claim 10 , wherein the oxide of the first metal comprises TiO 2 , V 2 O 5 , Nb 2 O 5 , TbO 2 , TbO 2 , MoO 3 or mixtures thereof.
12. A method of preparing a photodegradation catalyst or a photodegradation catalyst precursor,
wherein the photodegradation catalyst or the photodegradation catalyst precursor comprises a plurality of domains of an oxide of a first metal distributed in a substrate of a halide or oxyhalide of a second metal, and
wherein the mole percentage of the halide or oxyhalide of the second metal is above 50%,
the method comprising:
a. combining a first metal-containing composition, a second metal-containing composition, and a halogenating compound in the presence of a solvent to provide an intermediate composition,
wherein the first metal-containing composition comprises a first metal element;
wherein the second metal-containing composition comprises a second metal element;
wherein the mole percentage of the second metal element in the total amount of the first and second metal elements is at least 50%, and
wherein at least one of the first- or second-metal containing compositions is a metal oxide, a salt of a metal oxide, or a metal containing salt;
b. removing the solvent from the intermediate composition to provide a dried intermediate composition;
c. calcining the dried intermediate composition to produce the photodegradation catalyst or the photodegradation catalyst precursor.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the photodegradation catalyst or the photodegradation catalyst precursor comprises regions of metal oxide containing the first metal element that are dispersed within a metal halide or a metal oxyhalide of the second metal element.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the first metal element is selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Ru, Re, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd, Ga, In, Tl, Sn, Sb, Bi, Te, Y, La, Sm, Ce, Tb, Eu, Nd, Gd and mixtures thereof.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the first metal element is selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, Nb, Tb, Mo and mixtures thereof.
16. The method of claim 12 , wherein the second metal element included in the second metal-containing composition is selected from the group consisting of Group 1A metals, Group 2A metals, Sc, Y, La, Sm, Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb, Yb and mixtures thereof.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the second metal element is selected from Group 1A and Group 2A metals consisting of Na, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and mixtures thereof.
18. The method of claim 12 , wherein the halogenating compound is a compound of the formula: (R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 )N+X— wherein X is a halogen and each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 is individually selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1 -C 20 linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group or a C 6 -C 20 aryl group, and a C 4 -C 20 linear, branched or cyclic diene.
19. The method of claim 12 , wherein the halogenating compound comprises an alkyl ammonium fluoride or HF.
20. The method of claim 12 , wherein the calcining is conducted at a temperature between about 200° C. to about 1200° C.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the calcining is performed at a temperature of about 450° C.
22. The method of claim 12 , further comprising a step of doping the photodegradation catalyst or the photodegradation catalyst precursor with a third metal element.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the doping comprises: providing a third metal-containing composition prior to removing the solvent.
24. The method of claim 23 , wherein the third metal element of the third metal-containing composition is selected from the group consisting of Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, Pt and mixtures thereof.
25. The method of claim 24 , wherein the third metal element is Pt.
26. The method of claim 12 , wherein the solvent is a polar solvent selected from the group consisting of water, alcohols, ketones, phenols, ethers, esters, alkane halides, nitriles and mixtures thereof.
27. The method of claim 26 , wherein the polar solvent is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, propanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, dimethoxy ethane, 2-methoxyethyl ether, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile and mixtures thereof.
28. The method of claim 26 , wherein the polar solvent comprises water.
29. A method of photodegradating organic pollutants, comprising:
i) preparing a photodegradation catalyst or a photodegradation catalyst precursor,
wherein the photodegredation catalyst or the photodegredation catalyst precursor comprises a plurality of domains of an oxide of a first metal distributed in a substrate of a halide or oxyhalide of a second metal, and
wherein the mole percentage of the halide or oxyhalide of the second metal is above 50%, by:
a. combining a first metal-containing composition, a second metal-containing composition, and a halogenating compound in the presence of a solvent to provide an intermediate composition,
wherein the first metal-containing composition comprises a first metal element;
wherein the second metal-containing composition comprises a second metal element;
wherein the mole percentage of the second metal element in the total amount of the first and second metal elements is at least 50%, and
wherein at least one of the first- or second-metal containing compositions is a metal oxide, a salt of a metal oxide, or a metal containing salt;
b. removing the solvent from the intermediate composition to provide a dried intermediate composition;
c. calcining the dried intermediate composition to produce the photodegradation catalyst or the photodegradation catalyst precursor;
ii) contacting the photodegradation catalyst or the photodegradation catalyst precursor with one or more organic pollutants in the presence of oxygen and light to form a photodegraded product.