Method for enhancing current throughput in an electrochemical system
An electrochemical system with reduced limiting-current behavior is disclosed. The electrochemical system is useful for fuel cells and bio-sensors. In part, the invention relates a method of reducing or eliminating limiting-current behavior in the operation electrochemical systems, in particular those with ion-selective membrane or electrochemical electrodes, by spatially reducing the convection near the membrane or the electrode. The invention further relates to electrochemical systems in which micropores, microarrays or pillar arrays are used to reduce convection in comparison to conventional systems without microarrays, micropores or pillar arrays.
1. An electrochemical system comprising a substrate, a plurality of fluidic channels fabricated on said substrate, wherein at least two separate fluidic channels are connected by a junction, wherein at least one part of said substrate contains more than one set of microarrays; wherein said junction comprises an ion-selective membrane.
2. The electrochemical system of claim 1 , wherein at least two sets of microchannels are separated by a pillar-free gap.
3. The electrochemical system of claim 2 , wherein said gap is between about 25 and 500 μm.
4. A fuel-cell system comprising an electrochemical system according to claim 1 .
5. A biosensor comprising an electrochemical system according to claim 1 .
6. An electrochemical system according to claim 1 comprising a pillar array wherein the average diameter of pillar is between about 0.1-1000 μm.
7. An electrochemical system according to claim 1 comprising a pore array wherein the average diameter of pore is between about 0.1-500 μm.
8. An electrochemical system according to claim 1 comprising a pore array wherein the pore depth is between about 1-250 μm.
9. An electrochemical system according to claim 1 comprising a pillar array wherein the average pillar height is between about 1-1000 μm.
10. The electrochemical system of claim 1 , wherein said ion selective membrane is sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene based fluoropolymer-copolymer.
11. An electrochemical system according to claim 1 comprising a pillar array wherein the average diameter of pillar is between about 1-100 μm.
12. An electrochemical system according to claim 1 comprising a pillar array wherein the average diameter of pillar is between about 5-50 μm.
13. An electrochemical system according to claim 1 comprising a pillar array wherein the average diameter of pillar is between about 5-25 μm.
14. An electrochemical system according to claim 1 comprising a pillar array wherein the average diameter of pillar is between about 7-15 μm.
15. An electrochemical system according to claim 1 comprising a pore array wherein the average diameter of pore is between about 1-50 μm.
16. An electrochemical system according to claim 1 comprising a pore array wherein the average diameter of pore is between about 2-25 μm.
17. An electrochemical system according to claim 1 comprising a pore array wherein the pore depth is between about 2-200 μm.
18. An electrochemical system according to claim 1 comprising a pore array wherein the pore depth is between about 5-100 μm.
19. An electrochemical system according to claim 1 comprising a pillar array wherein the average pillar height is between about 1-500 μm.
20. An electrochemical system according to claim 1 comprising a pillar array wherein the average pillar height is between about 1-250 μm.
21. An electrochemical system according to claim 1 comprising a pillar array wherein the average pillar height is between about 5-100 μm.
22. An electrochemical system according to claim 1 comprising a pillar array wherein the average pillar height is between about 5-50 μm.
23. An electrochemical system according to claim 1 comprising a pillar array wherein the average pillar height is between about 5-25 μam.
24. An electrochemical system comprising a micropore electrode seated in a reservoir, an electrolyte, a substrate, and a support, wherein said substrate comprises one or more microchannels and wherein said micropore electrode comprises an electrode and a micropore array, wherein said micropore array is placed over said electrode.
25. The system of claim 24 , wherein the micropore array is fabricated from a photoresist polymer.
26. The system of claim 25 , wherein the photoresist polymer is SU8.
27. The system of claim 24 , wherein the pore diameter is between about 10 and about 100 μm.
28. The system according to claim 24 , wherein the average distance between the pores of said array of micropores is between about 2 and about 100 μm.
29. The system according to claim 24 , wherein the depth of each of the pores of said array is between about 10 and about 100 um.
30. The system according to claim 24 , wherein the electrochemical system comprises at least two independent sets of micropore arrays.
31. A method of reducing limiting current behavior or reducing convection near an electrode or enhancing electrode performance in an electrochemical system comprising providing an electrochemical system according to claim 24 .