High purity water produced by reverse osmosis

1. A composition matter consisting essentially of water and dissolved solutes,

(a) said composition of matter being the product water resulting from the treatment of a feedwater stream in a first reverse osmosis membrane separation unit that produces a product water stream low in solutes and a reject stream high in solutes;

(b) wherein said process comprises:

(1) providing a feedwater stream containing solutes therein, said solutes comprising total dissolved solids (TDS), including (i) hardness, (ii) alkalinity, and (iii) at least one molecular species which is sparingly ionized when in neutral or near neutral pH aqueous solution;

(2) effectively eliminating the tendency of said feedwater to form scale when said feedwater is concentrated at a selected pH of at least 9 to a preselected concentration factor in a first pass membrane separator unit, by effecting before concentration (i) removal of hardness from said feedwater stream; removal of substantially all alkalinity associated with hardness from said feedwater stream; and (iii) removing dissolved gas from said feedwater stream, whether initially present or created during said hardness removal or said alkalinity removal;

(3) raising the pH of the pretreated feedwater stream to a selected pH of at least about 9 to urge said at least one molecular species which is sparingly ionized when in neutral or near neutral pH aqueous solution toward increased ionization; and

(4) passing the pH adjusted pretreated feedwater stream through said first reverse osmosis membrane separation unit, said first reverse osmosis membrane unit operated at the selected pH so that it substantially resists passage of dissolved species therethrough, to concentrate said feedwater to said preselected concentration factor and to produce a low solute containing product water stream and a high solute containing reject stream;

(c) said product water characterized in that has a pH greater than 9, and it comprises sodium (as ion), calcium (as ion) in an amount of less than 0.003 parts per million, and silica (as silica) in an amount of 0.46 parts per million or less, and wherein the ratio of sodium (as ions) to total dissolved solids (TDS) is about two thirds, or higher.

2. The product water as set forth in claim 1 , wherein said product water comprises boron, and wherein the boron content (as ion) of said product water is 0.007 parts per million or less.

3. The product water as set forth in claim 1 , further characterized in that said product water is essentially bacteria free.

4. The product water as set forth in claim 2 , wherein the boron content (as ion) is lower than the silica content (as silica).

5. The product water as set forth in claim 1 , wherein said feedwater stream comprises at least some Total Organic Carbon, and wherein said product water comprises at least some Total Organic Carbon, and wherein the content of said Total Organic Carbon in said product water is less than one percent of the Total Organic Carbon in said feedwater stream.

6. The product water as set forth in claim 5 , wherein the Total Organic Carbon in said product water is less than 0.34% of the Total Organic Carbon in said feedwater stream.

7. A composition of matter comprising water and solutes therein,

said composition of matter made by processing a feedwater in a first reverse osmosis membrane to produce said composition of matter as a low solute containing product water having total dissolved solids (TDS) therein, said composition of matter having a pH of between greater than 9 and less than 11.0, said composition characterized in that it comprises sodium (as ion), calcium (as ion) in an amount of less than 0.003 parts per million, silica (as silica) in an amount of 0.46 parts per million or less, and boron, and wherein the boron content (as ion) is 0.007 parts per million or less, and wherein the ratio of sodium (as ions) to total dissolved solids (TDS) is about two thirds, or higher; and

wherein said feedwater comprises water containing solutes therein, said solutes comprising (i) hardness, (ii) alkalinity, and (iii) at least one molecular species which is sparingly ionized when in neutral or near neutral pH aqueous solution, said at least one molecular species comprising boron; and

wherein said process comprises

pretreating the feedwater to sufficiently remove scale forming substances from said feedwater stream so as to substantially eliminate scale accumulation in said first reverse osmosis membrane separation unit when said feedwater is concentrated to a preselected concentration factor at a selected pH, by effecting, in any order, two or more of the following, before concentrating said feedwater stream in said first reverse osmosis membrane separation unit:

(i) removing hardness from said feedwater stream;

(ii) removing substantially all non-hydroxide alkalinity associated with hardness from said feedwater stream;

(iii) removing dissolved gas from said feedwater stream, whether initially present or created during said hardness or said alkalinity removal step;

raising the pH of the pretreated feedwater stream to a selected pH of at least about 9, thereby increasing the ionization of one or more of said at least one molecular species which is sparingly ionized when in neutral or near neutral pH aqueous solution;

passing the pH adjusted pretreated feedwater stream through said first reverse osmosis membrane separation unit, said first reverse osmosis membrane unit rejecting said at least one molecular species which is sparingly ionized when in neutral or near neutral pH aqueous solution by at least 95% while concentrating said feedwater stream to said preselected concentration factor, to produce said product water and a high solute containing reject stream.

8. The product water as set forth in claim 7 , wherein the boron content (as ion) is lower than the silica content (as silica).

9. The product water as set forth in claim 7 , wherein said product water comprises free hydroxide ions.

10. A composition matter consisting essentially of water and dissolved solutes,

(a) said composition of matter being the product water resulting from the treatment of a feedwater stream in a first reverse osmosis membrane separation unit that produces a product water stream low in solutes and a reject stream high in solutes;

(b) wherein said process comprises:

(1) providing a feedwater stream containing solutes therein, said solutes comprising total dissolved solids (TDS) including (i) hardness, (ii) alkalinity, and (iii) at least one molecular species which is sparingly ionized when in neutral or near neutral pH aqueous solution;

(2) effectively eliminating the tendency of said feedwater to form scale when said feedwater is concentrated at a selected pH of at least 9 to a preselected concentration factor in a first pass membrane separator unit, by effecting before concentration (i) removal of hardness from said feedwater stream, (ii) removal of substantially all alkalinity associated with hardness from said feedwater stream by means of (A) a single unit operation that comprises a weak acid cation ion-exchange system or (B) a sodium form strong acid cation ion-exchange system followed by acid addition, and (iii) then removing dissolved gas from said feedwater stream, whether initially present or created during said hardness or said alkalinity removal;

(3) raising the pH of the pretreated feedwater stream to a selected pH of at least about 9 to urge said at least one molecular species which is sparingly ionized when in neutral or near neutral pH aqueous solution toward increased ionization; and

(4) passing the pH adjusted pretreated feedwater stream through said first reverse osmosis membrane separation unit, said first reverse osmosis membrane unit operated at the selected pH so that it substantially resists passage of dissolved species therethrough, to concentrate said feedwater to said preselected concentration factor and to produce a low solute containing product water stream and a high solute containing reject stream;

(c) said product water characterized in that has a pH greater than 9, and it comprises sodium (as ion), calcium (as ion) in an amount of less than 0.003 parts per million, and silica (as silica) in an amount of 0.46 parts per million or less, and wherein the ratio of sodium (as ions) to total dissolved solids (TDS) is about two thirds, or higher.

11. The product water as set forth in claim 10 , further characterized in that said product water is essentially bacteria free.

12. The product water as set forth in claim 10 , wherein said feedwater stream comprises at least some Total Organic Carbon, and wherein said product water comprises at least some Total Organic Carbon, and wherein the content of said Total Organic Carbon in said product water is less than one percent of the Total Organic Carbon in said feedwater stream.

13. The product water as set forth in claim 12 , wherein the Total Organic Carbon in said product water is less than 0.34% of the Total Organic Carbon in said feedwater stream.

14. A composition matter consisting essentially of water and dissolved solutes,

(a) said composition of matter being the product water resulting from the treatment of a feedwater stream in a first reverse osmosis membrane separation unit means that produces a product water stream low in solutes and a reject stream high in solutes;

(b) wherein said process comprises:

(1) providing a feedwater stream containing solutes therein, said solutes comprising (i) hardness, (ii) alkalinity, and (iii) at least one molecular species which is sparingly ionized when in neutral or near neutral pH aqueous solution;

(2) providing means for effectively eliminating the tendency of said feedwater to form scale when said feedwater is concentrated at a selected pH of at least 9 to a preselected concentration factor in a first pass membrane separator, by providing, before concentration (i) means for removal of hardness from said feedwater stream; (ii) means for removal of substantially all alkalinity associated with hardness from said feedwater stream; and (iii) means for removal of dissolved gas from said feedwater stream, whether initially present or created during said hardness removal or said alkalinity removal;

(3) means for raising the pH of the pretreated feedwater stream to a selected pH of at least about 9 to urge said at least one molecular species which is sparingly ionized when in neutral or near neutral pH aqueous solution toward increased ionization; and

(4) passing the pH adjusted pretreated feedwater stream through said first reverse osmosis membrane separation unit means, said first reverse osmosis membrane unit means operated at the selected pH so that it substantially resists passage of dissolved species therethrough, to concentrate said feedwater to said preselected concentration factor and to produce a low solute containing product water stream and a high solute containing reject stream;

(c) said product water characterized in that it has a pH greater than 9, and it comprises sodium (as ion), calcium (as ion) in an amount of less than 0.003 parts per million, and silica (as silica) in an amount of 0.46 parts per million or less, and wherein the ratio of sodium (as ions) to other solutes is about two thirds, or higher.

15. The product water as set forth in claim 14 , wherein said product water comprises boron, and wherein the boron content (as ion) of said product water is 0.007 parts per million or less.

16. The product water as set forth in claim 15 , wherein the boron content (as ion) is lower than the silica content (as silica).

17. The product water as set forth in claim 14 , further characterized in that said product water is essentially bacteria free.

18. The product water as set forth in claim 14 , wherein said feedwater stream comprises at least some Total Organic Carbon, and wherein said product water comprises at least some Total Organic Carbon, and wherein the content of said Total Organic Carbon in said product water is less than one percent of the Total Organic Carbon in said feedwater stream.

19. The product water as set forth in claim 18 , wherein the Total Organic Carbon in said product water is less than 0.34% of the Total Organic Carbon in said feedwater stream.

20. The product water as set forth in claim 1 , or in claim 7 , or in claim 10 , or in claim 14 , wherein sodium (as ion) is present at about 0.955 ppm.

21. The product water as set forth in claim 1 , or in claim 10 , or in claim 14 , wherein the pH of said product water is about 10.3.

22. The product water as set forth in claim 1 or in claim in claim 10 or in claim 9 , wherein said product water comprises free hydroxide ions.