Methods for electrochemically induced cathodic deposition of crystalline metal-organic frameworks
Embodiments of the invention relate to a method for preparing crystalline metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The method includes the steps of providing an electrolyte solution in contact with a conductive surface, and applying a current or potential to the conductive surface in contact with the electrolyte solution. The electrolyte solution includes a protonated organic ligand, a metal ion, and a probase. Application of the reductive current or potential to the conductive surface produces the crystalline metal-organic framework (MOF) deposited on the conductive surface. The MOFs produced by the method may be incorporated into a gas separation membrane, a purification filter, and/or a sensor.
1. A method for preparing a crystalline metal-organic framework (MOF), the method comprising the steps of:
providing an electrolyte solution in contact with a conductive surface, the electrolyte solution comprising a protonated organic ligand, a metal ion, and a probase; and
applying a current or potential to the conductive surface in contact with the electrolyte solution, thereby producing the crystalline metal-organic framework (MOF) deposited on the conductive surface.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the protonated organic ligand contains a proton with an acidity constant (pK a in water and at 25° C.) having a value from 0 to 15 such that the proton can be removed in situ by an electrochemically produced base species.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the electrochemically produced base species is a hydroxide anion.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the electrochemically produced base species is an amine.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the organic ligand comprises one or more members selected from the group consisting of a carboxylic acid, a tetrazole, a 1,2,3-triazole, a 1,2,4-triazole, a pyrazole, a sulfonic acid, a phosphonic acid, a sulfinic acid, a phosphinic acid, and an imidazole.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal ion comprises a member selected from the group consisting of Zn 2+ , Cu 2+ , Cu + , Co 2+ , Co 3+ , Ni 2+ , Mn 2+ , Mn 3+ , Mn 4+ , Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ , V 2+ , V 3+ , Cr 2+ , Mo 2+ , W 2+ , Ru 2+ , Os 2+ , Cd 2+ , Be 2+ , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Ba 2+ , Sr 2+ , and Ln 3+ where Ln is any of the lanthanide ions.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the conductive surface comprises one or more members selected from the group consisting of fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO), indium tin oxide (ITO), silicon, carbon, graphite, zinc, cobalt, nickel, copper, titanium, iron, and steel.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the conductive surface catalyzes the reduction of the probase to generate a base species.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the conductive surface is transparent or semi-transparent.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the deposition of the crystalline metal-organic framework on the conductive surface is cathodic electrodeposition rather than anodic electrodeposition, such that the conductive surface does not undergo corrosion during the deposition.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the current or potential is applied to the conductive surface in contact with the electrolyte solution such that the probase is reduced at or near the conductive surface, thereby generating a base species, wherein the protonated organic ligand is deprotonated in situ by reaction with the base species, and wherein the deprotonated organic ligand reacts with the metal ion, thereby producing the crystalline metal-organic framework deposited on the conductive surface.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the probase comprises an oxoanion.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the oxoanion comprises a member selected from the group consisting of nitrate (NO 3 − ), perchlorate (ClO 4 − ), and sulfate (SO 4 2− ).
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the probase comprises a member selected from the group consisting of water, molecular oxygen (O 2 ), triethylammonium, benzoquinone, and a benzoquinone derivative.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the probase comprises an ammonium cation.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the deposition of the crystalline metal-organic framework on the conductive surface is performed in a single step.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the deposition of the crystalline metal-organic framework on the conductive surface is performed at room temperature.