Hydrolase enzyme substrates and uses thereof

1. A method for assessing activity and/or amount of a hydrolytic enzyme in a sample, which method comprises:

a) contacting a sample containing or suspected of containing a hydrolytic enzyme with a hydrolytic enzyme substrate having a structure of formula (I):

under conditions where said hydrolytic enzyme, if present in said sample, cleaves said substrate to produce an aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule having a structure of formula (II) and a compound having a structure of formula (III):

wherein

A is an aromatic or heteroaromatic group, a 1-alkene or a 1-alkyne, each of which is optionally substituted;

each R is independently H or an optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl or aryl;

n is an integer from 1-4;

and X is a group comprising a substrate moiety; and

b) assessing the presence and/or amount of said aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule to assess activity and/or amount of said hydrolytic enzyme in said sample,

wherein the step of assessing the presence and/or amount of the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule comprises oxidizing the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule with enzymatic oxidation in the presence of oxygen to produce H 2 O 2 and assessing the presence and/or amount of the H 2 O 2 , or enzymatic oxidation in the presence of NAD + or NADP + to produce NADH or NADPH, and assessing the presence and/or amount of the NAD + , NADP + , NADH or NADPH.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrolytic enzyme is an esterase, a beta-galactosidase, or a glycosidase.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of assessing the presence and/or amount of the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule further comprises reducing a product of oxidizing the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule with a reducing reagent.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the presence and/or amount of the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule is assessed by oxidizing the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule with an aryl alcohol oxidase or an aliphatic alcohol oxidase in the presence of oxygen to produce H 2 O 2 and assessing the presence and/or amount of the H 2 O 2 .

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the presence and/or amount of the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule is assessed by oxidizing the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule with an aryl alcohol dehydrogenase or an alcohol dehydrogenase in the presence of NAD + or NADP + to produce NADH or NADPH, and assessing the presence and/or amount of the NAD + , NADP + , NADH or NADPH.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the presence and/or amount of the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule is assessed by:

a) oxidizing the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule with an aryl alcohol oxidase or an aliphatic alcohol oxidase in the presence of oxygen to produce aryl aldehyde molecule or unsaturated aliphatic aldehyde molecule and H 2 O 2 ;

b) reducing the aryl aldehyde molecule or unsaturated aliphatic aldehyde molecule with an aryl alcohol dehydrogenase or an alcohol dehydrogenase in the presence of NADH or NADPH to form a reaction cycle in which the reduced aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule is oxidized by the aryl alcohol oxidase or an aliphatic alcohol oxidase in the presence of oxygen to produce additional aryl aldehyde molecule or unsaturated aliphatic aldehyde molecule and H 2 O 2 ; and

c) assessing the presence and/or amount of the H 2 O 2 , or the amount of NADH, NADPH, NAD + , or NADP + .

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrolytic enzyme substrate comprises a substrate moiety of a β-glycosidase, and the hydrolytic enzyme is a β-glycosidase or beta-galactosidase.

8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the step of assessing the presence and/or amount of the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule further comprises reducing a product of oxidizing the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule with a reducing reagent.

9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the presence and/or amount of the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule is assessed by oxidizing the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule with an aryl alcohol oxidase or an aliphatic alcohol oxidase in the presence of oxygen to produce oxidized aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule and H 2 O 2 and assessing the presence and/or amount of the H 2 O 2 .

10. The method of claim 7 , wherein the presence and/or amount of the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule is assessed by oxidizing the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule with an aryl alcohol dehydrogenase or an alcohol dehydrogenase in the presence of NAD + or NADP + to produce NADH or NADPH, and assessing the presence and/or amount of the NAD + , NADP + , NADH or NADPH.

11. The method of claim 7 , wherein the presence and/or amount of the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule is assessed by:

a) oxidizing the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule with an aryl alcohol oxidase or an aliphatic alcohol oxidase in the presence of oxygen to produce oxidized aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule and H 2 O 2 ;

b) reducing the oxidized aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule with an aryl alcohol dehydrogenase or an alcohol dehydrogenase in the presence of NADH or NADPH to form a reaction cycle in which the reduced aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule is oxidized by the aryl alcohol oxidase or an aliphatic alcohol oxidase in the presence of oxygen to produce additional oxidized aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule and H 2 O 2 ; and

c) assessing the presence and/or amount of the H 2 O 2 .

12. The method of claim 7 , wherein the hydrolytic enzyme is a β-glycosidase.

13. The method of claim 7 , wherein the hydrolytic enzyme is a beta-galactosidase.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrolytic enzyme substrate comprises a substrate moiety of an alkaline phosphatase, and the hydrolytic enzyme is an alkaline phosphatase.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the step of assessing the presence and/or amount of the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule further comprises reducing a product of oxidizing the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule with a reducing reagent.

16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the presence and/or amount of the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule is assessed by oxidizing the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule with an aryl alcohol oxidase or an aliphatic alcohol oxidase in the presence of oxygen to produce oxidized aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule and H 2 O 2 , and assessing the presence and/or amount of the H 2 O 2 .

17. The method of claim 14 , wherein the presence and/or amount of the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule is assessed by oxidizing the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule with an aryl alcohol dehydrogenase or an alcohol dehydrogenase in the presence of NAD + or NADP + to produce NADH or NADPH, and assessing the presence and/or amount of the NAD + , NADP + , NADH or NADPH.

18. The method of claim 14 , wherein the presence and/or amount of the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule is assessed by

a) oxidizing the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule with an aryl alcohol oxidase or an aliphatic alcohol oxidase in the presence of oxygen to produce oxidized aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule and H 2 O 2 ;

b) reducing the oxidized aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule with an aryl alcohol dehydrogenase or an alcohol dehydrogenase in the presence of NADH or NADPH to form a reaction cycle in which the reduced aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule is oxidized by the aryl alcohol oxidase or an aliphatic alcohol oxidase in the presence of oxygen to produce additional oxidized aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule and H 2 O 2 ; and

c) assessing the presence and/or amount of the H 2 O 2 .

19. The method of claim 1 , which is conducted as part of an assay, isolation and/or production of a target.

20. The method of claim 19 , which is conducted as part of an assay of a target.

21. The method of claim 19 , which is conducted as part of isolation of a target.

22. The method of claim 19 , which is conducted as part of production of a target.

23. The method of claim 1 , which is conducted as part of an immunoassay, protein sequencing, nucleic acid amplification, hybridization or sequencing.

24. The method of claim 23 , which is conducted as part of an immunoassay.

25. The method of claim 23 , which is conducted as part of protein sequencing.

26. The method of claim 23 , which is conducted as part of nucleic acid amplification.

27. The method of claim 23 , which is conducted as part of nucleic acid hybridization.

28. The method of claim 23 , which is conducted as part of nucleic acid sequencing.

29. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of assessing the presence and/or amount of the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule comprises oxidizing the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule with enzymatic oxidation in the presence of oxygen to produce H 2 O 2 and assessing the presence and/or amount of the H 2 O 2 .

30. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of assessing the presence and/or amount of the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule comprises oxidizing the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule with enzymatic oxidation in the presence of NAD + to produce NADH, and assessing the presence and/or amount of the NAD + or NADH.

31. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of assessing the presence and/or amount of the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule comprises oxidizing the aryl alcohol molecule or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol molecule with enzymatic oxidation in the presence of NADP + to produce NADPH, and assessing the presence and/or amount of the NADP + or NADPH.