Sulfate removal from water sources
An integrated process for removing sulfate from water sources, such as pretreated acid mine drainage (AMD). The multivalent cation (MVC) content of a sulfate stream is reduced by strong acid cation (SAC) ion exchange and sulfate is concentrated with a membrane system and separated as precipitate and overflow. Precipitation results from reaction of sulfate with MVC produced by regeneration of SAC with sodium chloride. The overflow is reacted with carbonate to precipitate MVC, generate sodium chloride and give a further overflow stream. This latter stream is concentrated to a level capable of being a regenerant for the SAC and when needed, used to regenerate the SAC and produce MVC for sulfate precipitation. The process minimizes the use of chemicals by treating, reconcentrating and recycling input species. Capital expenditures are minimized by precipitation of only side streams.
1. An integrated sulfate removal process for a contaminated water source, the process comprising:
passing a feed stream containing contaminated water comprising at least sulfate and at least a multivalent cation through sorption media to reduce an amount of multivalent cations in the feed stream by sorption of at least a portion of the multivalent cations by the sorption media and to form a passed stream;
separating said passed stream into a purified water stream and a concentrated sulfate stream;
separating said concentrated sulfate stream into precipitated sulfate stream and a first supernatant stream;
separating said first supernatant stream into a precipitated multivalent cations stream and a second supernatant stream;
preparing a sorption media regenerant from said second supernatant stream; and
regenerating said sorption media with the regenerant to remove an amount of the multivalent cations from the sorption media and provide regenerated media and spent regenerant.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the contaminated water source is pretreated acid mine drainage.
3. The process of claim 1 wherein the sorption media is a strong acid cation exchanger.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein said passed stream is separated with a reverse osmosis membrane.
5. The process of claim 4 wherein the reverse osmosis system comprises at least two stages, wherein a concentrate stream of a previous stage is used as a feed stream of a following stage.
6. The process of claim 1 wherein separation of said concentrated sulfate stream results from combining said concentrated sulfate stream and said spent regenerant.
7. The process of claim 6 wherein greater than about 50% of entering sulfate content is removed as a precipitated sulfate stream.
8. The process of claim 6 wherein separation of said concentrated sulfate stream results from precipitating sulfate as gypsum.
9. The process of claim 1 wherein the separation of said multivalent cations results from combining said first supernatant stream with a carbonate salt having a monovalent cation.
10. The process of claim 9 wherein the separation of said multivalent cations results from combining said first supernatant stream with sodium carbonate.
11. The process of claim 1 wherein the sorption media regenerating stream is prepared by concentrating the second supernatant stream.
12. The process of claim 11 wherein the sorption media regenerating stream is prepared by concentrating the second supernatant stream with a reverse osmosis membrane.
13. The process of claim 1 wherein the permeates of all reverse osmosis stages has a combined sulfate content of less than about 250 mg/l.
14. The process of claim 3 wherein a reverse osmosis membrane separates the passed stream into a purified water stream and a concentrated sulfate stream.
15. The process of claim 14 wherein separation of said concentrated sulfate stream results from combining said concentrated sulfate stream and said spent regenerant.
16. The process of claim 15 wherein the separation of said multivalent cations results from combining said first supernatant stream with a carbonate salt having a monovalent cation.
17. The process of claim 16 wherein the sorption media regenerating stream is prepared by concentrating the second supernatant stream with a reverse osmosis membrane.
18. The process of claim 17 wherein said sorption media is contacted with the regenerant to provide regenerated media and spent regenerant.
19. An integrated process for removing sulfate from a contaminated water source, the process comprising:
passing a feed stream comprising at least sulfate and at least a multivalent cation through a strong acid cation ion exchange media to reduce an amount of multivalent cations in the feed stream by sorption of at least a portion of the multivalent cations by the strong acid cation exchange media and to produce a passed stream having substantially no scaling potential when concentrated in a following membrane separation process step;
separating the passed stream exiting the strong acid cation ion exchange media with a membrane system to produce a reduced sulfate content permeate and a concentrated sulfate stream;
combining the concentrated sulfate stream with the spent regenerant to produce a precipitated sulfate stream and a sulfate clarified overflow stream;
adding a carbonate salt with a monovalent cation to the sulfate clarified overflow stream to produce a precipitated multivalent cations stream and a clarified multivalent cations overflow stream; and
concentrating the clarified multivalent cations overflow stream with a membrane to produce the regenerant for the strong acid cation exchange media, and a permeate.
20. The process of claim 19 wherein the contaminated water source is pretreated acid mine drainage.
21. The process of claim 19 wherein the strong acid cation ion exchange media comprises polystyrene crosslinked with divinylbenzene having sulfonic groups attached.
22. The process of claim 21 wherein the sulfonic groups comprise sodium, potassium, lithium or hydrogen as counter ion, or combinations thereof.
23. The process of claim 19 wherein the membrane system comprises a reverse osmosis membrane system.
24. The process of claim 23 wherein the reverse osmosis system comprises at least two stages, wherein a concentrate stream of a previous stage is used as a feed stream for a following stage.
25. The process of claim 19 wherein the permeates of all reverse osmosis stages has a combined sulfate content of less than about 250 mg/l.
26. The process of claim 19 wherein separation of said concentrated sulfate stream results from precipitating sulfate as gypsum.
27. The process of claim 19 wherein greater than about 50% of entering sulfate content is removed as a precipitated sulfate stream.
28. The process of claim 19 wherein the precipitation of said multivalent cations results from contact with a sodium carbonate.
29. The process of claim 19 wherein the precipitation of said multivalent cations reduces sulfate content to below about 100 mg/l in the multivalent cations overflow stream.
30. The process of claim 19 wherein the precipitation of said multivalent cations reduces sulfate content to below about 20 mg/l in the multivalent cations overflow stream.
31. The process of claim 19 wherein the strong acid cation ion exchange media is regenerated to greater than 80% of original capacity.