Treatment of gas well hydrofracture wastewaters
A method of treating a wastewater is provided and can be used, for example, to treat a gas well hydrofracture wastewater. The method can involve precipitating barium as barium sulfate, precipitating calcium and strontium as calcium carbonate and strontium carbonate, precipitating magnesium hydroxide, and filtering out the metal compounds to form a recycle water. The recycle water produced from the method is also provided, as is a method for using the recycle water as a gas well hydrofracture water. In some embodiments, discharge water from a coal mine, and/or water from an abandoned coal mine, is used as a source of sulfate ions to precipitate barium as barium sulfate.
1. A method comprising:
contacting a metal-containing wastewater comprising barium with a source of sulfate ions under acidic oxidizing conditions:
precipitating at least 90% of the barium from the metal-containing wastewater, in the form of barium sulfate;
flocculating and removing the barium sulfate from the stream of metal-containing wastewater, to form barium sludge and a first treated wastewater, wherein the barium sludge is non-hazardous according to the USEPA TCLP leachate test;
contacting the first treated wastewater with a source of carbonate ions;
precipitating one or more metal carbonates from the first treated wastewater after contact with the source of carbonate ions, to form a mixture of second treated wastewater and one or more metal carbonates;
contacting the mixture with a source of hydroxide ions; and
precipitating one or more metal hydroxides from the second treated wastewater.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising removing precipitated metal carbonates from the mixture.
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising contacting the metal-containing wastewater with an anionic polymer after contact with the source of sulfate ions but prior to removing the barium sulfate from the metal-containing wastewater.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising contacting the mixture with an anionic polymer after contacting the mixture with the source of hydroxide ions.
5. The method of claim 4 , further comprising treating the mixture with a filter press after the contacting with an anionic polymer, to form a filtrate, and discharging the filtrate into a process tank.
6. The method of claim 5 , further comprising subjecting the filtrate in the process tank to a pH adjustment to obtain a pH in the range of from 6.5 to 8.5, and using the pH-adjusted filtrate as hydrofracture makedown water.
7. The method claim 1 , wherein the removing the barium sulfate comprises treating the metal-containing wastewater with a filter press after contacting the metal-containing wastewater with the source of sulfate ions.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising removing metal carbonates and metal hydroxides from the mixture, to form a recycled water, and disposing the recycled water in a gas well hydrofracture.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more metal carbonates comprise one or more of calcium carbonate and strontium carbonate.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more metal hydroxides comprise one or more of magnesium hydroxide and strontium hydroxide.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the flocculating and removing the barium sulfate from the stream of metal-containing wastewater, to form the barium sludge and the first treated wastewater, further comprises forming a barium sludge cake from the barium sludge.
12. The method of claim 1 , further comprising subjecting the mixture to a filter press and forming a metal sludge cake and a recycle water.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the metal sludge cake comprises calcium carbonate, strontium carbonate, and magnesium hydroxide.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the source of sulfate ions comprises a discharge stream from a coal mine.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the source of sulfate ions comprises water from an abandoned coal mine.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the source of carbonate ions consists essentially of sodium carbonate and the source of hydroxide ions consists essentially of sodium hydroxide.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the acidic oxidizing conditions comprise a pH in the range of from 3.0 to 3.5.