Association of levels of HDL-cholesterol apolipoprotein CIII with the risk of coronary heart disease and cardiovascular events
Presented herein are methods of diagnosing, assessing, and treating an individual at increased risk if developing coronary heart disease or cardiovascular event, based on the individual's level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol apoCIII (HDL-C apoCIII).
1. A method of characterizing an individual's risk of developing coronary heart disease or having a cardiovascular event, the method comprising:
(i) measuring a level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol apoCIII (HDL-C apoCIII) and a level of C-reactive protein (CRP) in a blood plasma sample obtained from the individual;
(ii) comparing the level of HDL-C apoCIII in the blood plasma sample to a predetermined value for HDL-C apoCIII and comparing the level of CRP in the blood plasma sample to a predetermined value for CRP; and
(iii) identifying the individual as at increased risk of developing coronary heart disease or of having a cardiovascular event if the level of HDL-C apoCIII in the blood plasma sample is at or above the predetermined value for HDL-C apoCIII and if the level of CRP in the blood plasma sample is at or above the predetermined value for CRP, or identifying the individual as at decreased risk of developing coronary heart disease or of having a cardiovascular event if the level of HDL-C apoCIII in the blood plasma sample is below the predetermined value for HDL-C apoCIII and if the level of CRP in the blood plasma sample is below the predetermined value for CRP, wherein the cardiovascular event is myocardial infarction, stroke, acute coronary syndrome, myocardial ischemia, chronic stable angina pectoris, unstable angina pectoris, cardiovascular death, coronary re-stenosis, coronary stent re-stenosis, coronary stent re-thrombosis, revascularization, angioplasty, transient ischemic attack, pulmonary embolism, vascular occlusion, or venous thrombosis.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the individual has a normal or below normal total blood plasma level of apoCIII.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the individual has a normal or above normal total blood plasma level of HDL-C.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the individual has a normal or below normal total blood plasma level apoCIII and a normal or above normal total blood plasma level HDL-C.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the predetermined value for HDL-C apoCIII is an HDL-C apoCIII total blood plasma level of about 2 mg/dl.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cardiovascular event is myocardial infarction or stroke.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises:
(iv) administering an agent useful for decreasing the risk of coronary heart disease or a cardiovascular event to an individual identified as at increased risk of developing coronary heart disease or having a cardiovascular event.
8. A method of characterizing an individual's risk of developing coronary heart disease or having a cardiovascular event, the method comprising:
(i) measuring a level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol apoCIII (HDL-C apoCIII) and a level of total cholesterol in a blood plasma sample obtained from the individual;
(ii) comparing the level of HDL-C apoCIII in the blood plasma sample to a predetermined value for HDL-C apoCIII and comparing the level of total cholesterol in the blood plasma sample to a predetermined value for total cholesterol; and
(iii) identifying the individual as at increased risk of developing coronary heart disease or of having a cardiovascular event if the level of HDL-C apoCIII in the blood plasma sample is at or above the predetermined value for HDL-C apoCIII and a level of total cholesterol in the blood plasma sample is at or above the predetermined value for total cholesterol, or identifying the individual as at decreased risk of developing coronary heart disease or of having a cardiovascular event if the level of HDL-C apoCIII in the blood plasma sample is below the predetermined value for HDL-C apoCIII and a level of total cholesterol in the blood plasma sample is below the predetermined value for total cholesterol, wherein the cardiovascular event is myocardial infarction, stroke, acute coronary syndrome, myocardial ischemia, chronic stable angina pectoris, unstable angina pectoris, cardiovascular death, coronary re-stenosis, coronary stent re-stenosis, coronary stent re-thrombosis, revascularization, angioplasty, transient ischemic attack, pulmonary embolism, vascular occlusion, or venous thrombosis.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the individual has a normal or below normal total blood plasma level of apoCIII.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the individual has a normal or above normal total blood plasma level of HDL-C.
11. The method of claim 8 , wherein the individual has a normal or below normal total blood plasma level apoCIII and a normal or above normal total blood plasma level HDL-C.
12. The method of claim 8 , wherein the predetermined value for HDL-C apoCIII is an HDL-C apoCIII total blood plasma level of about 2 mg/dl.
13. The method of claim 8 , wherein the cardiovascular event is myocardial infarction or stroke.
14. The method of claim 8 , wherein the method further comprises:
(iv) administering an agent useful for decreasing the risk of coronary heart disease or a cardiovascular event to an individual identified as at increased risk of developing coronary heart disease or having a cardiovascular event.
15. A method of characterizing an individual's risk of developing coronary heart disease or having a cardiovascular event, the method comprising:
(i) performing an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) assay to measure a level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol apoCIII (HDL-C apoCIII) in a blood plasma sample obtained from the individual;
(ii) comparing the level of HDL-C apoCIII in the sample to a predetermined value; and
(iii) identifying the individual as at increased risk of developing coronary heart disease or of having a cardiovascular event if the level of HDL-C apoCIII in the sample is at or above the predetermined value, or identifying the individual as at decreased risk of developing coronary heart disease or of having a cardiovascular event if the level of HDL-C apoCIII in the sample is below the predetermined value, wherein the cardiovascular event is myocardial infarction, stroke, acute coronary syndrome, myocardial ischemia, chronic stable angina pectoris, unstable angina pectoris, cardiovascular death, coronary re-stenosis, coronary stent re-stenosis, coronary stent re-thrombosis, revascularization, angioplasty, transient ischemic attack, pulmonary embolism, vascular occlusion, or venous thrombosis.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the individual has a normal or below normal total blood plasma level of apoCIII.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the individual has a normal or above normal total blood plasma level of HDL-C.
18. The method of claim 15 , wherein the individual has a normal or below normal total blood plasma level apoCIII and a normal or above normal total blood plasma level HDL-C.
19. The method of claim 15 , wherein the predetermined value is an HDL-C apoCIII total blood plasma level of about 2 mg/dl.
20. The method of claim 15 , wherein the cardiovascular event is myocardial infarction or stroke.