Design, synthesis and use of synthetic nucleotides comprising charge mass tags

1. A reporter composition, comprising:

a nucleotide or its derivative;

a charged moiety; and

a linker molecule, wherein the linker molecule is attached to the nucleotide or its derivative and the charged moiety;

wherein the charged moiety comprises an electrical charge that is sufficient to change an electrical property of a sensitive detection nanostructure, when the reporter composition is operably coupled to the sensitive detection nanostructure,

wherein the charged moiety comprises one or more of the following groups, and derivatives and combinations thereof:

2. The reporter composition of claim 1 , wherein the nucleotide or its derivative is selected from the group consisting of a deoxyribonucleotide, a ribonucleotide, a peptide nucleotide, a morpholino, a locked nucleotide, a glycol nucleotide, a threose nucleotide, any synthetic nucleotides, any isoforms thereof, and any derivatives thereof.

3. The reporter composition of claim 1 , wherein the linker molecule comprises a molecule of the following general formula:

H 2 N-L-NH 2

wherein L comprises a linear or branched chain comprising an alkyl group, an oxy alkyl group, or the combination thereof.

4. The reporter composition of claim 3 , wherein L comprises a linear chain comprising an alkyl group, an oxy alkyl group, or the combination thereof.

5. The reporter composition of claim 4 , wherein a number of the alkyl group, the oxy alkyl group, or the combination thereof in the linear chain is 1 to 100.

6. The reporter composition of claim 5 , wherein the number of the alkyl group, the oxy alkyl group, or the combination thereof in the linear chain is 1 to 75.

7. The reporter composition of claim 5 , wherein the number of the alkyl group, the oxy alkyl group, or the combination thereof in the linear chain is 1 to 50.

8. The reporter composition of claim 5 , wherein the number of the alkyl group, the oxy alkyl group, or the combination thereof in the linear chain is 1 to 25.

9. The reporter composition of claim 5 , a number of the alkyl group, the oxy alkyl group, or the combination thereof in the linear chain is 1 to 1000.

10. The reporter composition of claim 5 , a number of the alkyl group, the oxy alkyl group, or the combination thereof in the linear chain is more than 1000.

11. The reporter composition of claim 1 , wherein the linker molecule is configured not to affect nucleotide polymerization by a polymerase.

12. The reporter composition of claim 1 , wherein the electrical charge of the charged moiety is positive or negative.

13. The reporter composition of claim 1 , wherein the electrical charge of the charged moiety is variable depending on pH.

14. The reporter composition of claim 1 , wherein the charged moiety comprises an aromatic and/or aliphatic skeleton, wherein said skeleton comprises one or more of a tertiary amino group, an alcohol hydroxyl group, a phenolic hydroxy group, and any combinations thereof.

15. The reporter composition of claim 1 , wherein a number of the groups, any derivatives thereof, and any combinations thereof in the charged moiety is 1 to 10.

16. The reporter composition of claim 1 , wherein a number of the groups, any derivatives thereof, and any combinations thereof in the charged moiety is 11 to 50.

17. The reporter composition of claim 1 , wherein a number of the groups, any derivatives thereof, and any combinations thereof in the charged moiety is 51 to 100.

18. The reporter composition of claim 1 , wherein a number of the groups, any derivatives thereof, and any combinations thereof in the charged moiety is more than 100.

19. The reporter composition of claim 1 , wherein the charged moiety is configured not to affect nucleotide polymerization by a polymerase.

20. The reporter composition of claim 1 , wherein the linker molecule and/or the charged moiety is configured to be removable.

21. A reporter composition, comprising:

wherein R is selected from the group consisting of a deoxyribonucleotide, a ribonucleotide, a peptide nucleotide, a morpholino, a locked nucleotide, a glycol nucleotide, a threose nucleotide, any synthetic nucleotides, any isoforms thereof, and any derivatives thereof.

22. A reporter composition, comprising:

wherein R is selected from the group consisting of a deoxyribonucleotide, a ribonucleotide, a peptide nucleotide, a morpholino, a locked nucleotide, a glycol nucleotide, a threose nucleotide, any synthetic nucleotides, any isoforms thereof, and any derivatives thereof.

23. A reporter composition, comprising:

wherein R is selected from the group consisting of a deoxyribonucleotide, a ribonucleotide, a peptide nucleotide, a morpholino, a locked nucleotide, a glycol nucleotide, a threose nucleotide, any synthetic nucleotides, any isoforms thereof, and any derivatives thereof.

24. A kit for determining a nucleotide sequence, comprising the reporter composition of claim 1 .

25. A method of synthesizing the reporter composition of claim 1 , comprising:

generating a first covalent linkage between the nucleotide or its derivative and a first amine group of the linker, wherein a phosphate group, a sugar or a base of the nucleotide or its derivative is linked to the first amine group of the linker; and

generating a second covalent linkage between a second amine group of the linker and any functional group present in the charged moiety;

wherein the linker comprises at least two amine groups.

26. The method of claim 25 , wherein the nucleotide or its derivative comprises a monophosphate group.

27. The method of claim 25 , wherein the nucleotide or its derivative is selected from the group consisting of adenosine monophosphate (AMP), guanosine monophosphate (GMP), cytidine monophosphate (CMP), thymidine monophosphate (TMP), and uridine monophosphate (UMP).

28. A kit for determining a nucleotide sequence, comprising the reporter composition of claim 21 .