Stable and metastable nanowires displaying locally controllable properties
Vapor-liquid-solid growth of nanowires is tailored to achieve complex one-dimensional material geometries using phase diagrams determined for nanoscale materials. Segmented one-dimensional nanowires having constant composition display locally variable electronic band structures that are determined by the diameter of the nanowires. The unique electrical and optical properties of the segmented nanowires are exploited to form electronic and optoelectronic devices. Using gold-germanium as a model system, in situ transmission electron microscopy establishes, for nanometer-sized Au—Ge alloy drops at the tips of Ge nanowires (NWs), the parts of the phase diagram that determine their temperature-dependent equilibrium composition. The nanoscale phase diagram is then used to determine the exchange of material between the NW and the drop. The phase diagram for the nanoscale drop deviates significantly from that of the bulk alloy.
1. A nanowire comprising
a first section and a second section adjacent to the first section wherein the nanowire in the first section has a metastable phase and the nanowire in the second section has a stable phase, and wherein the metastable phase comprises a metastable semiconductor or metallic alloy.
2. The nanowire of claim 1 , wherein the metastable semiconductor is selected from the elements of group IV, III-V, and II-VI.
3. The nanowire of claim 2 , wherein the alloy comprises a binary, ternary, quaternary, or higher-degree alloy.
4. The nanowire of claim 3 , wherein the alloy comprises an alloy of gold (Au) and germanium (Ge).
5. The nanowire of claim 4 , wherein the alloy is a single-crystalline metastable γ-AuGe or β-AuGe.
6. A superconductor comprising the nanowire according to claim 1 .
7. A method of forming metastable nanowire during growth of the nanowire, the method comprising:
growing a nanowire;
forming a liquid drop at a growing tip of the nanowire;
stabilizing the liquid drop;
slow near equilibrium cooling of the liquid drop; and
crystallizing the cooled liquid drop to form the metastable nanowire.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the slow near equilibrium cooling comprises cooling at the rate of no greater than about 5° C./minute.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the liquid drop departs from an equilibrium and phase separates during cooling.
10. The method of claim 7 , wherein the liquid drop comprises a molten binary, ternary, quaternary, or higher-degree alloy made from the elements of group IV, III-V, and II-VI.
11. The method of claim 7 , wherein the liquid drop comprises a molten AuGe alloy.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein crystallization comprises incorporating a sufficiently high concentration of Ge in the molten AuGe alloy.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the sufficiently high concentration of Ge is about 60 at. % or higher for a γ-AuGe.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein an uptake of Ge is irreversible.
15. The method of claim 7 , wherein a temperature drops from about 600° C. to about 360° C. during slow near equilibrium cooling.
16. The method of claim 7 , wherein the growth of the nanowire is done by the VLS method.