Photon detector
A photon detection system including a photon detector configured to detect single photons, a signal divider to divide the output signal of the photon detector into a first part and a second part, wherein the first part is substantially identical to the second part, a delay mechanism to delay the second part with respect to the first part, and a combiner to combine the first and delayed second parts of the signal such that the delayed second part is used to cancel periodic variations in the first part of the output signal.
1. A photon detection system comprising:
a photon detector configured to detect single photons, the photon detector being configured to generate an output signal comprising voltage spikes generated in response to single photons and a periodic component, wherein the voltage spikes are superimposed on the periodic component;
a voltage source configured to apply a gating signal to the detector as the periodic component, the gating signal comprising a voltage signal which swings above and below a breakdown voltage of the photon detector;
a signal divider to divide the output signal of the photon detector into a first part and a second part, wherein the first part is substantially identical to the second part;
a delay line configured to delay the second part with respect to the first part by an amount selected according to the period of the gating signal;
a combiner for combining the first and delayed second parts of the signal to obtain a combined signal such that the delayed second part is used to cancel the periodic component in the first part of the output signal; and
a discriminator configured to compare the combined signal with a discriminator level and to determine the detection of a photon in response to a peak and/or a dip in the combined signal.
2. A system according to claim 1 , wherein the photon detector is an avalanche photodiode.
3. A system according to claim 2 , wherein said delay line is configured to delay the second part of the signal by an integer multiple of said period.
4. A system according to claim 3 , wherein the gating signal is a square wave signal.
5. A system according to claim 3 , wherein the gating signal has a frequency in excess of 50 MHz.
6. A system according to claim 3 , wherein the period of the gating signal is varied.
7. A system according to claim 1 , further comprising an attenuator to balance the amplitudes of the two signals arriving at the combiner.
8. A system according to claim 1 , further comprising means to invert one part of the signal with respect to the other part of the signal.
9. A photon detection system according to claim 1 wherein the discriminator is configured to determine detection of a photon in response to the presence of both a peak and a dip in the combined signal.
10. A system comprising a periodic source and a detection system according to claim 1 , said detection system further comprising a gating signal, said gating signal being configured to gate said detector to detect during the arrival times of the highest intensity signal from the source.
11. A quantum communication system comprising:
a sender and a receiver,
said sender comprising a source of pulsed radiation and an encoder for encoding information on said radiation pulses,
said receiver comprising a detection system according to claim 1 .
12. A quantum communication system according to claim 11 , wherein said encoder encodes pulses using an encoding base randomly selected from two or more non-orthogonal basis.
13. A quantum communication system according to claim 11 , wherein said sender comprises a coherent source and said encoder encodes information by selectively transmitting pulses having an average intensity of less than one photon and empty pulses have no photons.
14. A quantum communication system according to claim 11 , wherein said sender comprises a coherent source and said encoder is configured to encode photons with a first phase or a second phase and the difference between the first phase and the second phase is 180°, and wherein the receiver is configured to interfere photons from one pulse with those of the following pulse.
15. A photon detection method comprising:
providing a photon detector configured to detect single photons, the photon detector being configured to generate an output signal comprising voltage spikes generated in response to single photons and a periodic component, wherein the voltage spikes are superimposed on the period component;
applying a gating signal to the detector as the periodic component, the gating signal comprising a voltage signal which swings above and below a breakdown voltage of the photon detector;
dividing the output signal of said photon detector into a first part and a second part, wherein the first part is substantially identical to the second part;
delaying the second part with respect to the first part by an amount selected according to the period of the gating signal;
combining the first and delayed second parts of the signal to obtain a combined signal such that the delayed second part is used to cancel the periodic component in the first part of the output signal;
comparing the combined signal with a discriminator level and determining the detection of a photon in response to a peak and/or a dip in the combined signal.
16. A photon detection method according to claim 15 , wherein delaying the second part with respect to the first part comprises to delaying the second part of the signal by an integer multiple of said period.
17. A photon detection method according to claim 15 , wherein the period of the gating signal is varied.
18. A photon detection method according to claim 15 , further comprising inverting one part of the signal with respect to the other part of the signal prior to combining the two parts of the signal.