Thermal management of components in electric motor drive vehicles
Thermal management of various components such as electrical energy storage devices (e.g., batteries, super- or ultracapacitors), power converters and/or control circuits, in electrically powered vehicles may employ active temperature adjustment devices (e.g., Peltier devices), which may advantageously be powered using electrical energy generated by the traction electric motor during regenerative braking operation. Temperature adjustment may include cooling or heating one or more components. The adjustment may be based on a variety of factors or conditions, for instance sensed temperature, sensed current draw, sensed voltage, sensed rotational speed.
1. A power system for a vehicle, the apparatus comprising:
a traction electric motor coupled to drive at least one traction wheel of the vehicle;
a main electrical energy storage device to drive the traction electric motor;
at least one temperature adjustment device positioned and operable to adjust a temperature at least proximate the main electrical energy storage device; and
a control circuit that determines a rate at which the temperature adjustment device should be operated and causes electrical power generated by the traction electric motor operated regeneratively in a braking mode to be supplied to the temperature adjustment device, the supplied electrical power causing the temperature adjustment device to operate at the determined rate to adjust a temperature of the main electrical energy storage device.
2. The power system of claim 1 wherein the control circuit further causes electrical power to be supplied to the traction electrical motor from the main electrical energy storage device in a drive mode.
3. The power system of claim 2 wherein the main electrical energy storage device includes at least one secondary chemical battery cell.
4. The power system of claim 1 wherein the at least one temperature adjustment device includes at least one Peltier effect device.
5. The power system of claim 1 wherein the control circuit causes electrical power generated by the traction electric motor to be supplied to the temperature adjustment device via the main electrical energy storage device.
6. The power system of claim 1 , further comprising:
an auxiliary electrical energy storage device, wherein the control circuit causes electrical power generated by the traction electric motor to be supplied to the temperature adjustment device via the auxiliary electrical energy storage device.
7. The power system of claim 1 wherein the control circuit causes electrical power generated by the traction electric motor to be supplied directly to the temperature adjustment device without any intermediary electrical energy storage devices.
8. The power system of claim 1 wherein the control circuit includes at least one temperature sensor positioned to sense temperature at least proximate the main electrical energy storage device, and wherein the control circuit controls the electrical power supplied to the at least one temperature adjustment device based at least in part on the sensed temperature.
9. The power system of claim 1 wherein the control circuit includes at least one of a voltage sensor or a current sensor coupled to sense at least one electrical characteristic of the main electrical energy storage device, wherein the control circuit controls the electrical power supplied to the at least one temperature adjustment device based at least in part on the at least one sensed electrical characteristic of the main electrical energy storage device.
10. The power system of claim 1 wherein the control circuit includes at least one of a voltage sensor or a current sensor coupled to sense at least one electrical characteristic of the traction electric motor, wherein the control circuit controls the electrical power supplied to the at least one temperature adjustment device based at least in part on the at least one sensed electrical characteristic of the traction electric motor.
11. The power system of claim 1 wherein the control circuit includes a rotation sensor coupled to sense a rate of rotation of a drive shaft of the traction electric motor, wherein the control circuit controls the electrical power supplied to the at least one temperature adjustment device based at least in part on the sensed rate of rotation of the traction electric motor.
12. The power system of claim 1 wherein the control circuit includes a temperature sensor positioned to sense a temperature at least proximate the traction electric motor, wherein the control circuit controls the electrical power supplied to the at least one temperature adjustment device based at least in part on the sensed temperature at least proximate the traction electric motor.
13. The power system of claim 1 wherein the control circuit includes a rectifier coupled to rectify an alternating current (AC) produced by the fraction electric motor when operating in the braking mode into a direct current (DC).
14. The power system of claim 13 wherein the control circuit includes at least one DC/DC converter electrically coupled to the at least one temperature adjustment device and operable to change a voltage level of electrical power transferred between the at least one temperature adjustment device and at least one other component of the power system.
15. The power system of claim 14 wherein the control circuit includes at least one temperature sensor positioned to sense a temperature at least proximate at least one of the rectifier or the DC/DC converter, wherein the control circuit controls the electrical power supplied to the at least one temperature adjustment device based at least in part on the sensed temperate at least proximate at least one of the rectifier or the DC/DC converter.
16. The power system of claim 1 wherein a first one of the at least one temperature adjustment devices is positioned and operable to adjust a temperature at least proximate one of the rectifier, the DC/DC converter, or the control circuit.
17. The power system of claim 1 , further comprising:
a thermal dissipation resistor selectively electrically coupled to dissipate as heat, electrical energy generated by the traction electric motor in response to the generated electrical energy approaching a rated power of the at least one temperature adjustment device.
18. A method of operating a power system for a vehicle having a traction electric motor, the method comprising:
supplying electrical power from a main electrical energy storage device to the traction electrical motor of the vehicle in a drive mode;
generating electrical power by the traction electric motor that operates regeneratively in a braking mode;
determining a rate at which a temperature adjustment device shout be operated;
causing the temperature adjustment device to operate at the determined rate by supplying electrical power generated by the traction electric motor to the temperature adjustment device; and
adjusting a temperature of at least the main electrical energy storage device by the temperature adjustment device in response to the supply of power thereto.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein supplying electrical power from a main electrical energy storage device to the traction electrical motor includes supplying electrical power from at least one secondary chemical battery cell.
20. The method of claim 18 wherein supplying electrical power generated by the traction electric motor to a temperature adjustment device includes supplying electrical power to at least one Peltier effect device.
21. The method of claim 18 wherein supplying electrical power generated by the traction electric motor to a temperature adjustment device includes supplying the electrical power via the main electrical energy storage device.
22. The method of claim 18 wherein supplying electrical power generated by the traction electric motor to a temperature adjustment device includes supplying the electrical power via an auxiliary electrical energy storage device, different from the main electrical energy storage device which supplies power to the traction electric motor.
23. The method of claim 18 wherein supplying electrical power generated by the traction electric motor to a temperature adjustment device includes supplying the electrical power directly to the temperature adjustment device without any intermediary electrical energy storage devices.
24. The method of claim 18 , further comprising:
receiving signals indicative of sensed temperature from at least one temperature sensor positioned to sense temperature at least proximate the main electrical energy storage device, and wherein the supplying electrical power to the at least one temperature adjustment device is based at least in part on the sensed temperature.
25. The method of claim 18 , further comprising:
receiving signals indicative of at least one sensed electrical characteristic of the main electrical energy storage device from at least one of a voltage sensor or a current sensor coupled to sense at least one electrical characteristic of the main electrical energy storage device, and wherein supplying electrical power to the at least one temperature adjustment device is based at least in part on the at least one sensed electrical characteristic of the main electrical energy storage device.
26. The method of claim 18 , further comprising:
receiving signals indicative of at least one sensed electrical characteristic of the traction electric motor from at least one of a voltage sensor or a current sensor coupled to sense at least one electrical characteristic of the traction electric motor, and wherein supplying electrical power to the at least one temperature adjustment device is based at least in part on the at least one sensed electrical characteristic of the traction electric motor.
27. The method of claim 18 , further comprising:
receiving signals indicative of a sensed rate of rotation of the traction electric motor from a rotation sensor coupled to sense a rate of rotation of a drive shaft of the traction electric motor, and wherein supplying electrical power to the at least one temperature adjustment device is based at least in part on the sensed rate of rotation of the traction electric motor.
28. The method of claim 18 , further comprising:
receiving signals indicative of a sensed temperate at least proximate the traction electric motor from a temperature sensor positioned to sense a temperature at least proximate the traction electric motor, and wherein supplying electrical power to the at least one temperature adjustment device is based at least in part on the sensed temperate at least proximate the traction electric motor.
29. The method of claim 18 , further comprising:
receiving signals indicative of a sensed temperature at least proximate a power converter, and wherein supplying electrical power to the at least one temperature adjustment device is based at least in part on the sensed temperature at least proximate the power converter to cool the power converter.
30. The method of claim 18 , wherein causing the temperature adjustment device to operate at the determined rate by supplying electrical power generated by the traction electric motor to the temperature adjustment device comprises regulating the supply of electrical power to the temperature adjustment device.