Diffractive optical element having a reflective member disposed between different grating wall surfaces thereof, and optical system and optical apparatus having the diffractive optical element

1. A diffractive optical element configured to be usable as a lens of an optical system, the diffractive optical element comprising:

a first diffractive grating that includes a first grating surface and a first grating wall surface;

a reflective member disposed on the first grating wall surface; and

a second diffractive grating that includes a second grating surface and a second grating wall surface, and that is disposed so that the second grating surface contacts the first grating surface and so that the second grating wall surface contacts the reflective member,

wherein when off-screen light having an incident angle larger than an incident angle of off-axis light flux of the optical system enters the diffractive optical element at an incident angle ωi with reference to a surface normal of the lens, an emission angle ωo of light having a maximum intensity emitted from one of the first grating wall surface or the second grating wall surface meets the following Expression (1):

ωo≧ωi  (1), and

wherein a maximum width W (μm) of the reflective member and a grating pitch P (μm) of each of the first diffractive grating and the second diffractive grating meet the following Expressions (2-1) and (2-2):

0< W/P< 0.04  (2-1), and

0.02<W  (2-2).

2. The diffractive optical element according to claim 1 , wherein the reflective member has a film shape of a uniform thickness.

3. The diffractive optical element according to claim 1 , wherein the following expression is met:

β≦α<γ,

where α is an angle between the first grating surface and the surface normal, β is an angle between the first grating surface and the second grating wall surface, and γ is an angle between the first grating surface and the first grating wall surface.

4. The diffractive optical element according to claim 3 , wherein the following condition is met:

γ−β>0.5°.

5. The diffractive optical element according to claim 3 , wherein a thickness of the reflective member increases from an incident side to an emission side.

6. The diffractive optical element according to claim 1 , wherein the following condition is met:

0.8<k,

where k is an extinction coefficient of a material constituting the reflective member in a visible wavelength range.

7. The diffractive optical element according to claim 1 , wherein the reflective member is made of at least one of a metal and a material containing the metal.

8. An optical system comprising:

a diffractive optical element configured to be usable as a lens of an optical system; and

a stop disposed at a rear side of the diffractive optical element,

wherein the diffractive optical element comprises:

a first diffractive grating that includes a first grating surface and a first grating wall surface;

a reflective member disposed on the first grating wall surface; and

a second diffractive grating that includes a second grating surface and a second grating wall surface, and that is disposed so that the second grating surface contacts the first grating surface and so that the second grating wall surface contacts the reflective member,

wherein when off-screen light having an incident angle larger than an incident angle of off-axis light flux of the optical system enters the diffractive optical element at an incident angle ωi with reference to a surface normal of the lens, an emission angle ωo of light having a maximum intensity emitted from one of the first grating wall surface or the second grating wall surface meets the following Expression (1):

ωo≧ωi  (1), and

wherein a maximum width W (μm) of the reflective member and a grating pitch P (μm) of each of the first diffractive grating and the second diffractive grating meet the following Expressions (2-1) and (2-2):

0< W/P< 0.04  (2-1), and

0.02<W  (2-2).

9. An optical apparatus comprising:

a photoelectric conversion element; and

an optical system comprising:

a diffractive optical element configured to be usable as a lens of an optical system; and

a stop disposed at a rear side of the diffractive optical element,

wherein the diffractive optical element comprises:

a first diffractive grating that includes a first grating surface and a first grating wall surface;

a reflective member disposed on the first grating wall surface; and

a second diffractive grating that includes a second grating surface and a second grating wall surface, and that is disposed so that the second grating surface contacts the first grating surface and so that the second grating wall surface contacts the reflective member,

wherein when off-screen light having an incident angle larger than an incident angle of off-axis light flux of the optical system enters the diffractive optical element at an incident angle ωi with reference to a surface normal of the lens, an emission angle ωo of light having a maximum intensity emitted from one of the first grating wall surface or the second grating wall surface meets the following Expression (1):

ωo≧ωi  (1), and

wherein a maximum width W (μm) of the reflective member and a grating pitch P (μm) of each of the first diffractive grating and the second diffractive grating meet the following Expressions (2-1) and (2-2):

0< W/P< 0.04  (2-1), and

0.02<W  (2-2).