Composite nonwoven fibrous webs and methods of making and using the same
The disclosure relates to composite nonwoven fibrous webs including a population of sub-micrometer fibers having a median diameter less than one micrometer (μm), and a population of microfibers having a median diameter of at least 1 μm. At least, one of the fiber populations is oriented, and each composite nonwoven fibrous web has a thickness and exhibits a Solidity of less than 10%. The disclosure also relates to methods of making composite nonwoven fibrous webs, and articles including composite nonwoven fibrous webs made according to the methods. In exemplary applications, the articles may be used as gas filtration articles, liquid filtration articles, sound absorption articles, surface cleaning articles, cellular growth support articles, drug delivery articles, personal hygiene articles, or wound dressing articles.
1. A composite nonwoven fibrous web comprising:
a population of sub-micrometer fibers having a median diameter less than one micrometer (μm); and
a population of meltblown microfibers having a median diameter of at least 1 μm, wherein at least one of the fiber populations is oriented, and further wherein the composite nonwoven fibrous web is formed as a single layer having a thickness and exhibiting a Solidity of less than 10%,
wherein the population of sub-micrometer fibers is intermixed with the population of microfibers to form an inhomogeneous mixture of fibers wherein a ratio of the number of sub-micrometer fibers to the number of microfibers varies from a peak value proximate a centerline defined by the half-thickness of the composite nonwoven fibrous web, to a lower value at a major surface of the composite nonwoven fibrous web.
2. The web of claim 1 , wherein the population of sub-micrometer fibers has a median fiber diameter ranging from about 0.2 μm to about 0.9 μm, optionally wherein the population of microfibers has a median fiber diameter ranging from about 2 μm to about 50 μm.
3. The web of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the population of sub-micrometer fibers and the population of microfibers comprises polymeric fibers, optionally wherein the polymeric fibers comprise polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyamide, polyurethane, polybutene, polylactic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfone, liquid crystalline polymer, polyethylene-co-vinylacetate, polyacrylonitrile, cyclic polyolefin, polyoxymethylene, polyolefinic thermoplastic elastomers, or a combination thereof.
4. The web of claim 1 , wherein the population of sub-micrometer fibers overlays the population of microfibers.
5. The web of claim 1 , further comprising a support layer, optionally wherein the support layer comprises a nonwoven fabric, a woven fabric, a knitted fabric, a foam layer, a film, a paper layer, an adhesive-backed layer, or a combination thereof.
6. The web of claim 5 , wherein the support layer comprises a web of bonded staple fibers, further wherein the support layer is bonded using thermal bonding, adhesive bonding, powdered binder, hydroentangling, needlepunching, calendering, or a combination thereof.
7. The web of claim 5 , further comprising an adhesive layer formed on the support layer opposite the overlayer.
8. A method of making a composite nonwoven fibrous web, comprising:
a. forming a population of sub-micrometer fibers having a median fiber diameter of less than one micrometer (μm);
b. forming a population of meltblown microfibers having a median fiber diameter of at least 1 μm; and
c. combining the sub-micrometer fibers and microfibers into a single layer composite nonwoven fibrous web, wherein at least one of the fiber populations is oriented, and further wherein the single layer composite nonwoven fibrous web has a thickness and exhibits a Solidity of less than 10%,
wherein the population of sub-micrometer fibers is intermixed with the population of microfibers to form an inhomogeneous mixture of fibers wherein a ratio of the number of sub-micrometer fibers to the number of microfibers varies from a peak value proximate a centerline defined by the half-thickness of the composite nonwoven fibrous web, to a lower value at a major surface of the composite nonwoven fibrous web.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein forming a population of sub-micrometer fibers having a median fiber diameter of less than 1 μm comprises melt blowing, melt spinning, electrospinning, gas jet fibrillation, or a combination thereof.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the population of microfibers has a median fiber diameter from 5 to 50 μm.
11. The method of claim 8 , wherein combining the sub-micrometer and microfibers into a composite nonwoven fibrous web comprises mixing fiber streams, hydroentangling, wet forming, plexifilament formation, or a combination thereof.
12. An article comprising the composite nonwoven fibrous web prepared according to the method of claim 8 , selected from the group consisting of a gas filtration article, a liquid filtration article, a sound absorption article, a surface cleaning article, a cellular growth support article, a drug delivery article, a personal hygiene article, and a wound dressing article.