Application of force in electrochemical cells
The present invention relates to the application of a force to enhance the performance of an electrochemical cell. The force may comprise, in some instances, an anisotropic force with a component normal to an active surface of the anode of the electrochemical cell. In the embodiments described herein, electrochemical cells (e.g., rechargeable batteries) may undergo a charge/discharge cycle involving deposition of metal (e.g., lithium metal) on a surface of the anode upon charging and reaction of the metal on the anode surface, wherein the metal diffuses from the anode surface, upon discharging. The uniformity with which the metal is deposited on the anode may affect cell performance. For example, when lithium metal is redeposited on an anode, it may, in some cases, deposit unevenly forming a rough surface. The roughened surface may increase the amount of lithium metal available for undesired chemical reactions which may result in decreased cycling lifetime and/or poor cell performance. The application of force to the electrochemical cell has been found, in accordance with the invention, to reduce such behavior and to improve the cycling lifetime and/or performance of the cell.
1. An electrochemical cell comprising:
a cathode comprising sulfur as a cathode active material;
an anode comprising lithium metal and/or a lithium alloy as an anode active material, the anode having an active surface; and
an electrolyte in electrochemical communication with the cathode and the anode;
wherein the cell is constructed and arranged to apply, during at least one period of time during charge and/or discharge of the cell, an anisotropic force with a component normal to the active surface of the anode, the force including the component selected to define a pressure that affects surface morphology of the anode active surface to inhibit an increase in anode active surface area through charge and discharge, the pressure being of at least about 98 Newtons per square cm and less than about 196 Newtons per square cm, and wherein, in the absence of the anisotropic force but under otherwise essentially identical conditions, the anode active surface area is increased to a greater extent through charge and discharge cycles.
2. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the lithium material comprises a lithium alloy.
3. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the anisotropic force is applied uniformly over the active surface of the anode.
4. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises carbon.
5. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises a binder material.
6. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical cell is cylindrical.
7. The electrochemical cell of claim 6 , wherein the cylindrical electrochemical cell is disposed within a cylindrical containment structure.
8. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of the amount of anode active material in the anode to the amount of cathode active material in the cathode is less than 1.5:1 on a molar basis.
9. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , further comprising a porous separator between the anode and the cathode.
10. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , further comprising a separator, permeable to the electrolyte, between the anode and the cathode.
11. The electrochemical cell of claim 10 , wherein the separator comprises a microporous polyethylene film.
12. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the component of the anisotropic force normal to the active surface of the anode defines a pressure of less than about 147 Newtons per square cm.
13. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the lithium material comprises lithium metal.
14. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the sulfur comprises elemental sulfur.
15. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the cell is contained within a containment structure, and at least a portion of the anisotropic force is applied by an expanding element within the containment structure and/or by a compressive element external to the containment structure.
16. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the cell is constructed and arranged to apply an anisotropic force during at least one period of time during charge of the cell and during at least period of time during discharge of the cell.
17. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the cell is constructed and arranged to apply an anisotropic force between a charge of the cell and a discharge of the cell.
18. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the cell is constructed and arranged to apply an anisotropic force prior to a first charge of the cell and prior to a first discharge of the cell.