Fluorescent nanoparticles
The use of fluorescent nanoparticles is disclosed which includes an inorganic core, a passivating layer and specific ligands having a hydrodynamic diameter of the inorganic core with the passivating layer of not more than 15 nm, preferably of not more than 10 nm, particularly preferably of not more than 5 nm, for preparing an in vivo diagnostic aid, the nanoparticles showing an emission of less than 700 nm.
1. A method of using fluorescent nanoparticles for in vivo tissue marking in surgical, endoscopic or minimally invasive interventions, the method comprising administering to or injecting into a human in need thereof, for in vivo tissue marking in surgical, endoscopic or minimally invasive interventions, the fluorescent nanoparticles, wherein the fluorescent nanoparticles comprise an inorganic core, a passivating layer comprising an imidazole component, and specific ligands, and having a hydrodynamic diameter of the inorganic core with the passivating layer of not more than 15 nm, wherein the nanoparticles show an emission of less than 700 nm.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the emission spectrum is from 600 to 650 nm.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the emission spectrum is from 620 to 650 nm.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the passivation layer is not more than 10 nm
5. The method of claim 2 , wherein the passivation layer is not more than 5 nm.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the use of nanoparticles for in vivo tissue marking permits differentiating abnormal, pre-carcinogenic or carcinogenic tissue from normal tissue.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein during surgical intervention the nanoparticles are used to assist precise tumor resection.
8. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles additionally include at least one modifier.
9. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the inorganic core is a cluster essentially comprising noble metal atoms, the cluster having 2 to 27 atoms.
10. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the core comprises an alloy selected from the group of the following alloys: CdSeTe, CdSSe, CdSTe, ZnSeTe, ZnCdTe, CdHgS, CdHgTe, InGaAs, GaAlAs, InGaN, InGaP, CdSe or CdTe.
11. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the passivating layer comprises at least one compound able to coordinate with a metal atom or metal ion and having a Lewis base function or a heteroaromatic system.
12. The method as claimed in claim 11 , wherein the imidazole component comprises one or more compounds selected from the following group consisting of: histidine, carnosine, anserine, baleine, homocamosine, histidylphenylalanine, cyclo-histidylphenylalanine, 5amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide, histidylleucine, 2-mercaptoimidazole, boc-histidine, hydrazide, histinol, 1-methylhistidine, 3-methylhistidine, imidazolysine, imidazole-containing ornithine, 5-methylimidazole, imidazole-containing alanine (beta)-(2-imidazolyl)-L(alpha)alanine), carzinine, histamine, each of which is either unsubstituted by substituted by reactive amino, thiol, carboxyl or carboxamide groups.
13. The method as claimed in claim 11 , wherein the passivating layer comprises a crosslinker for crosslinking the imidazole component.
14. The method as claimed in claim 13 , wherein the crosslinking component comprises at least one of an alkylphosphine and an alkylphosphine derivative.
15. The method as claimed in claim 8 , wherein the at least one modifier is selected from the group of the following compounds: polyethylene glycol, monosaccharides, disaccharides, trisaccharides, low molecular weight polysaccharides, hydrophilic vitamins, lipophilic vitamins, fatty acids, polyalcohols, Teflon, amino acids, nonspecific peptides or proteins, phosphorylcholine, polylactate and derivatives of said compounds.
16. A method of using fluorescent nanoparticles for in vivo tissue marking in surgical, endoscopic or minimally invasive interventions, the method comprising administering to or injecting into a human in need thereof, for in vivo tissue marking in surgical, endoscopic or minimally invasive interventions, the fluorescent nanoparticles, wherein the fluorescent nanoparticles comprise an inorganic core, a passivating layer comprising an imidazole component, and specific ligands, and having a hydrodynamic diameter of the inorganic core with the passivating layer of not more than 15 nm, said nanoparticles show an emission of less than 700 nm, and wherein marking permits differentiating abnormal, precarcinogenic or carcinogenic tissue from normal tissue.
17. The method as claimed in claim 11 , wherein the imidazole component comprises histidylleucine.
18. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the core has a homogeneous composition and is characterized by a band-gap energy which is non-linear in relation to the molar ratio of the two semiconductors.