Methods and systems for the reduction of molecules using diamond as a photoreduction catalyst
Methods for the photoreduction of molecules are provided. The methods use diamond having a negative electron affinity as a photocatalyst, taking advantage of its ability to act as a solid-state electron emitter that is capable of inducing reductions without the need for reactants to adsorb onto its surface. The methods comprise illuminating a fluid sample comprising the molecules to be reduced and hydrogen surface-terminated diamond having a negative electron affinity with light comprising a wavelength that induces the emission of electrons from the diamond directly into the fluid sample. The emitted electrons induce the reduction of the molecules to form a reduction product.
1. A method for the photoreduction of molecules, the method comprising:
(a) illuminating a fluid sample comprising the molecules to be reduced and hydrogen surface-terminated diamond having a negative electron affinity with light comprising a wavelength that excites electrons from the valence band of the diamond to the conduction band of the diamond, thereby inducing the emission of the excited electrons from the diamond into the fluid sample, wherein the emitted excited electrons induce the reduction of the molecules to form a reduction product, further wherein substantially all of the reduction product is formed via the emitted excited electrons; and
(b) collecting the reduction product.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the diamond is p-type doped.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the diamond is n-type doped, wherein the dopant is selected to enhance the absorption of the light by the diamond and the photocatalytic activity of the diamond.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the diamond comprises a diamond electrode immersed in the fluid sample.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the diamond comprises diamond particles suspended in the fluid sample.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fluid sample comprises a liquid solvent in which the molecules to be reduced are soluble.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fluid sample comprises a liquid or supercritical fluid form of the molecules to be reduced.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the light is ultraviolet light comprising wavelengths of less than 230 nm.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the peak in the spectral distribution of the light is less than 270 nm.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the light is visible light comprising wavelengths of less than 550 nm.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fluid sample is saturated with the molecules to be reduced.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the molecules comprise N 2 molecules and the reduction product comprises NH 3 , N 2 H 4 or both.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the molecules comprise CO 2 , CO or both and the reduction product comprises CO, CH 4 , H 2 CO, CH 3 OH or a combination thereof.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the molecules comprise nitrogen oxide molecules and the reduction product comprises N 2 .
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the molecules are organic molecules having a benzene ring and the reduction product comprises organic molecules having a 1,4-cyclohexadiene ring.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reduction product is formed as a gaseous effluent in the fluid sample and collecting the reduction product comprises capturing the gaseous effluent.
17. A method for the photoreduction of molecules, the method comprising:
(a) illuminating a fluid sample comprising the molecules to be reduced and hydrogen surface-terminated diamond having a negative electron affinity with light comprising a wavelength that excites electrons from the valence band of the diamond to the conduction band of the diamond, thereby inducing the emission of the excited electrons from the diamond into the fluid sample, wherein the emitted excited electrons induce the reduction of the molecules to form a reduction product; and
(b) collecting the reduction product;
wherein the diamond is provided as an electrode immersed in the fluid sample, the electrode formed entirely from the diamond.
18. A method for the photoreduction of molecules, the method comprising:
(a) illuminating a fluid sample comprising the molecules to be reduced and hydrogen surface-terminated diamond having a negative electron affinity with light comprising a wavelength that excites electrons from the valence band of the diamond to the conduction band of the diamond, thereby inducing the emission of the excited electrons from the diamond into the fluid sample, wherein the emitted excited electrons induce the reduction of the molecules to form a reduction product; and
(b) collecting the reduction product;
wherein the light is selected to maximize the photoemission efficiency of the diamond.