Methods and compositions for treating water-containing systems
Methods and compositions for improving water quality by reducing chlorine demand, decreasing disinfection by-products and controlling deposits in water systems include adding low concentrations of supplemental oxidants, for example, RE-Ox® to the systems.
1. A method for reducing deposits in a water-containing system or apparatus utilizing an activated sodium hypochlorite solution comprising a plurality of different supplemental oxidants, the method comprising:
supplying said activated sodium hypochlorite solution comprising a plurality of different supplemental oxidants to a water-containing system or apparatus to yield a supplemental oxidant concentration of from 1 to 25 parts per billion in said water-containing system or apparatus.
2. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the water-containing system or apparatus contains potable water.
3. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the activated sodium hypochlorite solution comprising a plurality of different supplemental oxidants has a pH in a range of from about 5 to about 7.5.
4. A method according to claim 1 , wherein said supplying of the activated sodium hypochlorite solution comprising a plurality of different supplemental oxidants to the water-containing system or apparatus is performed after water in said water-containing system or apparatus is disinfected with a primary disinfectant.
5. A method according to claim 4 , further comprising supplying primary disinfectant to the water-containing system or apparatus, wherein the supplying of said activated sodium hypochlorite solution comprising a plurality of different supplemental oxidants to the water-containing system or apparatus is performed at the same facility as said supplying of primary disinfectant to the water-containing system or apparatus.
6. A method according to claim 1 , further comprising storing said activated sodium hypochlorite solution comprising a plurality of different supplemental oxidants in at least one container, and transporting said at least one container to a treatment facility associated with said water-containing system or apparatus.
7. A method according to claim 1 , wherein said activated sodium hypochlorite solution comprising a plurality of different supplemental oxidants is supplied to the water-containing system or apparatus to yield a supplemental oxidant concentration of from 1 to 12.5 parts per billion in said water-containing system or apparatus.
8. A method for reducing deposits in a water-containing system or apparatus, utilizing liquid comprising a plurality of different supplemental oxidants produced by flowing salt brine solution through at least a portion of at least one flow electrode module comprising an anode, a cathode, and an ion-permeable material arranged between the anode and the cathode, while electric power is applied between the anode and the cathode to electrolyze said salt brine solution, the method comprising:
supplying said liquid comprising a plurality of different supplemental oxidants to a water-containing system or apparatus to yield a supplemental oxidant concentration of from 1 to 25 parts per billion in said water-containing system or apparatus.
9. A method according to claim 8 , wherein the at least one flow electrode module comprises a first passage between the anode and the ion-permeable material, and comprises a second passage between the cathode and the ion-permeable material.
10. A method according to claim 9 , wherein the anode comprises a center anode, the ion-permeable material surrounds the center anode, the cathode comprises an outer cathode surrounding the ion-permeable material, the first passage comprises an inside passage, and the second passage comprises an outside passage.
11. A method according to claim 10 , wherein at least a portion of the salt brine solution is flowed serially through the outside passage between the ion-permeable material and the outer cathode, and then through the inside passage between the ion-permeable material and the center anode.
12. A method according to claim 8 , wherein the liquid comprising a plurality of different supplemental oxidants has a pH in a range of from about 5 to about 7.5.
13. A method according to claim 8 , wherein said supplying of liquid comprising a plurality of different supplemental oxidants to the water-containing system or apparatus is performed after water in said water-containing system or apparatus is disinfected with a primary disinfectant.
14. A method according to claim 13 , further comprising supplying primary disinfectant to the water-containing system or apparatus, wherein the supplying of said liquid comprising a plurality of different supplemental oxidants to the water-containing system or apparatus is performed at the same facility as said supplying of primary disinfectant to the water-containing system or apparatus.
15. A method according to claim 8 , further comprising storing said liquid comprising a plurality of different supplemental oxidants in at least one container, and transporting said at least one container to a treatment facility associated with said water-containing system or apparatus.
16. A method according to claim 8 , wherein said water-containing system or apparatus comprises at least a portion of a water distribution or water recirculation system.
17. A method according to claim 8 , wherein the water-containing system or apparatus contains potable water.
18. A method according to claim 8 , wherein said liquid comprising a plurality of different supplemental oxidants is supplied to the water-containing system or apparatus to yield a supplemental oxidant concentration of from 1 to 12.5 parts per billion in said water-containing system or apparatus.
19. A method according to claim 8 , wherein the salt brine solution consists essentially of a sodium chloride solution, and said liquid comprising a plurality of different supplemental oxidants embodies an activated sodium hypochlorite solution comprising a plurality of different supplemental oxidants.
20. A method for reducing deposits in a water-containing system or apparatus utilizing an activated sodium hypochlorite solution comprising a plurality of different supplemental oxidants, the method comprising:
storing said activated sodium hypochlorite solution comprising a plurality of different supplemental oxidants in at least one container, and transporting said at least one container to a treatment facility associated with said water-containing system or apparatus, and
supplying said activated sodium hypochlorite solution comprising a plurality of different supplemental oxidants to a water-containing system or apparatus to yield a supplemental oxidant concentration of from 1 to 50 parts per billion in said water-containing system or apparatus.
21. A method for reducing deposits in a water-containing system or apparatus, utilizing liquid comprising a plurality of different supplemental oxidants produced by flowing salt brine solution through at least a portion of at least one flow electrode module comprising an anode, a cathode, and an ion-permeable material arranged between the anode and the cathode, while electric power is applied between the anode and the cathode to electrolyze said salt brine solution, the method comprising:
storing said liquid comprising a plurality of different supplemental oxidants in at least one container, and transporting said at least one container to a treatment facility associated with said water-containing system or apparatus, and
supplying said liquid comprising a plurality of different supplemental oxidants to a water containing system or apparatus to yield a supplemental oxidant concentration of from 1 to 50 parts per billion in said water-containing system or apparatus.