Fuel compositions containing an isomerized component of a single carbon number and methods of preparing the fuel compositions
Fuel compositions containing an isomerized component of a single carbon number may contain at least 97 wt. %, based on the total weight of the fuel composition, of an isomerized component consisting of aliphatic paraffin isomers all having the formula C n H 2n+2 , where 10≦n≦22 and n has the same value for each aliphatic paraffin isomer in the isomerized component. The fuel compositions have a normal alkane content of less than 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the fuel composition. Methods for preparing the fuel compositions include hydroisomerizing a normal alkane starting material to form an isomerized mixture and subsequently removing remnant normal alkanes from the isomerized mixture by solvent dewaxing and/or distillation. Some of the fuel compositions may have freezing points at or below −47° C., making them amenable for use a surrogate fuels in the place of JP-8.
1. A fuel composition comprising:
at least 97 wt. %, based on the total weight of the fuel composition, of an isomerized component consisting of aliphatic paraffin isomers all having the molecular formula C 14 H 30 , the aliphatic paraffin isomers selected from the group consisting of normal C 14 H 30 , monomethyl-branched C 14 H 30 isomers, and multimethyl-branched C 14 H 30 isomers, wherein the isomerized component contains less than 5.0 wt. % normal C 14 H 30 , based on the total weight of the isomerized component;
a ratio by weight of monomethyl-branched C 14 H 30 isomers to multimethyl-branched C 14 H 30 isomers in the fuel composition of less than or equal to 1:1; and
a normal alkane content of less than 2.0 wt. %, based on the total weight of the fuel composition,
wherein the fuel composition has a freezing point of less than −47 ° C. as determined by ASTM D-5792.
2. The fuel composition of claim 1 , wherein the isomerized component consists of:
at least 50 wt. % multimethyl-branched C 14 H 30 isomers, based on the total weight of the isomerized component;
from 30 wt. % to 50 wt. % monomethyl-branched C 14 H 30 isomers, based on the total weight of the isomerized component; and
less than 5 wt. % normal C 14 H 30 , based on the total weight of the isomerized component.
3. The fuel composition of claim 1 , comprising at least 98 wt. % isomerized component, wherein the isomerized component consists of:
at least 50 wt. % multimethyl-branched C 14 H 30 isomers, based on the total weight of the isomerized component;
from 35 wt. % to 45 wt. % monomethyl-branched C 14 H 30 isomers, based on the total weight of the isomerized component; and
less than 2.0 wt. % normal C 14 H 30 , based on the total weight of the isomerized component.
4. A method for preparing a fuel composition, the method comprising:
hydroisomerizing an alkane starting material comprising normal alkanes to form an isomerized mixture containing mono-branched alkanes, multi-branched alkanes, and residual normal alkanes, the alkane starting material comprising at least 90 wt. %, based on the total weight of the alkane starting material, of normal alkane having a single carbon number of from 10 to 22;
removing at least a portion of the residual normal alkanes from the isomerized mixture to form a fuel composition having a normal alkane content of less than 2.0 wt. %, based on the total weight of the fuel composition, wherein:
the alkane starting material comprises at least 95 wt. % normal C 14 H 30 ;
the fuel composition comprises at least 97 wt. %, based on the total weight of the fuel composition, of an isomerized component consisting of isomers of C 14 H 30 selected from the group consisting of normal C 14 H 30 , monomethyl-branched C 14 H 30 isomers, and multimethyl-branched C 14 H 30 isomers, wherein the isomerized component contains less than 5.0 wt. % normal C 14 H 30 , based on the total weight of the isomerized component;
the ratio by weight of monomethyl-branched C 14 H 30 isomers to multimethyl-branched C 14 H 30 isomers in the fuel composition is less than or equal to 1:1; and
the fuel composition has a freezing point of less than −47 ° C., as determined by ASTM D-5792.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the removing of the residual normal alkanes comprises solvent dewaxing.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the solvent dewaxing comprises:
mixing the isomerized mixture with a dewaxing solvent to form a dewaxing mixture;
cooling the dewaxing mixture to a dewaxing temperature at which the normal alkanes solidify or gel and the branched alkanes remain liquid; and
removing the solidified or gelled normal alkanes from the dewaxing mixture.
7. The method of claim 5 , wherein the dewaxing solvent is a 1:1 mixture by weight of toluene and methylethylketone.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the dewaxing mixture comprises:
1 part by weight isomerized mixture; and
from 2 parts to 5 parts by weight dewaxing solvent.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the dewaxing mixture comprises 1 part by weight isomerized mixture and about 2 parts by weight dewaxing solvent.
10. The method of claim 7 , wherein the dewaxing temperature is from about −65 ° C. to about −50 ° C.
11. The method of claim 4 , wherein the hydroisomerization is discontinued when from about 60% to about 90% of the normal alkanes have been converted to branched alkanes or cracking products.
12. The method of claim 11 , further comprising removing the cracking products from the isomerized mixture between the hydroisomerizing and the removing of the residual normal alkanes.
13. The method of claim 4 , wherein the removing of the residual normal alkanes comprises:
distilling the isomerized mixture to form a normal fraction and a branched fraction; and
retaining the branched fraction.
14. The method of claim 4 , wherein the hydroisomerization comprises contacting the alkane starting material with a Pt/US-Y zeolite catalyst.
15. The method of claim 4 , further comprising hydrogenating 1-tetradecene to form the alkane starting material.