Chalcogenide compounds for the remediation of nuclear and heavy metal wastes
Chalcogenide compounds, including ternary and quaternary tin and antimony chalcogenides, for use as absorbents in the remediation of hazardous materials are provided. Also provided are methods for using the chalcogenides in the remediation of ionic and elemental metals from aqueous and non-aqueous fluids.
1. A method comprising:
exposing a fluid sample comprising a metal to a chalcogenide compound having the formula (A x B x ′)M y Q z , where A is an alkali cation or an alkylammonium cation; B is an alkaline earth cation; M is Sn, Zn, P, Cu or Sb; and Q is S or Se, wherein the values of x, y and z can be the same or different; x, x′ and y can range, independently, from 0 to 9, provided that if one of x and x′ is zero, the other is not; and z can range from 1 to 25, whereby the chalcogenide compound absorbs the metal; and
removing the absorbed metal from the fluid sample, wherein the metal is an elemental metal.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal is mercury.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the fluid sample comprises a liquid hydrocarbon.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the metal is mercury and the liquid hydrocarbon is petroleum or crude oil.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fluid sample comprises natural gas.
6. A method comprising:
exposing a fluid sample comprising a metal to a chalcogenide compound having the formula A x M y Q z , wherein A is an alkali cation; M is Sn, Zn, P, Cu or Sb; and Q is S or Se, wherein x and y are in the range from 1 to 9, and z is in the range from 1 to 25, whereby the chalcogenide compound absorbs the metal; and
removing the absorbed metal from the fluid sample.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein x is 1 or 2, M is Sn or Sb; y is 2, 4 or 8; and z is in the range from 6 to 23.
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the chalcogenide compound has a formula selected from the group consisting of A 2 Sn 4 S 9 , A 2 Sn 2 S 5 , A 2 Sn 3 S 7 , and A 2 Sb 4 S 7 , and A is selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs.
9. The method of claim 6 , wherein the metal comprises Cs or Sr radionuclide ions.
10. The method of claim 6 , wherein at least 90 percent by weight of the metal is removed from the fluid sample.
11. The method of claim 6 , wherein at least 98 percent by weight of the metal is removed from the fluid sample.
12. A method comprising:
exposing a fluid sample comprising a metal to a chalcogenide compound having the formula B x M y Q z , wherein x and y are in the range from 1 to 9 and z is in the range from 1 to 25, where B is an alkaline earth cation; M is Sn, Zn, P, Cu or Sb; and Q is S or Se, wherein the values of x, y and z can be the same or different, whereby the chalcogenide compound absorbs the metal; and
removing the absorbed metal from the fluid sample.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein x is 1 or 2, M is Sn or Sb, y is 2 or 4, and z is in the range of 5 to 25.
14. A method comprising:
exposing a fluid sample comprising a metal to a chalcogenide compound selected from the group consisting of A 2 Sn 4 S z , BSnS z , and A 4 B 2 Sn 4 S 12 , where A is an alkali cation or an alkylammonium cation; B is an alkaline earth cation; and where z is in the range from 4 to 25, whereby the chalcogenide compound absorbs the metal; and
removing the absorbed metal from the fluid sample.
15. A method comprising:
exposing a fluid sample comprising an elemental metal to a chalcogenide compound having the formula (A x B x ′)M y Q z , where A is an alkali cation or an alkylammonium cation; B is Ca, Sr or Ba; M is Sn, Zn, P, Cu or Sb; and Q is S or Se, wherein the values of x, y and z can be the same or different; x, x′ and y can range, independently, from 0 to 9, provided that if one of x and x′ is zero, the other is not; and z can range from 1 to 25, whereby the chalcogenide compound absorbs the elemental metal; and
removing the absorbed elemental metal from the fluid sample.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the fluid sample comprises both ionic and elemental metal and further wherein ionic and elemental metal are removed simultaneously from the fluid sample.