Enhancement of electron scavenging by water-soluble fullerenes
Polyhydroxyfullerenes (PHFs) having enhanced electron scavenging capabilities have a ratio of non-hydroxyl functional groups to hydroxyl functional groups that is less than or equal to 0.3. When combined with a semiconductor photocatalyst, such as titanium dioxide nanoparticles, the PHFs provide a photocatalyst for degradation of chemical and biological contaminates with an efficiency of at least twice that of titanium dioxide nanoparticles free of PHFs. The PRFs are included in these catalysts at a weight ratio to titanium dioxide of about 0.001 to about 0.003, whereas significantly lower and higher ratios do not achieve the highly improved photodegradation capability. PHFs outside of the desired structure are shown to be of little value for photodegradation, and can be inhibiting to the photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 . The enhanced electron scavenging PHFs can be employed as a component of materials for solar cells, field effect transistors, and radical scavengers.
1. An enhanced photocatalyst comprising:
TiO 2 or ZnO nanoparticles; and
polyhydroxyfullerenes (PHFs) comprising a fullerene (C n ) with a multiplicity of hydroxyl substituents on said fullerene, wherein n is 20 to 500 and having a ratio of non-hydroxyl functional groups to hydroxyl functional groups that is less than or equal to 0.3, wherein said PHFs have an average of about 27 to about 48 functional groups per 60 carbon atoms.
2. The photocatalyst of claim 1 , wherein the weight loss upon heating the dry PHFs of the photocatalyst to a temperature of 1,000° C. is less than 60 percent by weight.
3. The photocatalyst of claim 1 , wherein said TiO 2 nanoparticles are about 2 to about 100 nm in diameter.
4. The photocatalyst of claim 1 , wherein said PHFs have a carbon cage that comprises C 60 , C 70 , C 80 or their mixtures.
5. The photocatalyst of claim 1 , wherein a weight ratio of said PHFs to said TiO 2 nanoparticles is about 0.001 to about 0.003.
6. A method of photo chemically decontaminating a surface or a fluid medium in contact with the surface comprising the steps of:
providing to a surface a photocatalyst according to claim 1 , wherein photocatalytic activity of said photocatalyst is more than twice of said TiO 2 nanoparticles free of PHFs towards degradation of a chemical or bacteriological contaminant; and
irradiating said photocatalyst with ultraviolet (UV) or visible light.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein said photocatalyst is provided as an aqueous suspension.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein said step of providing comprises spraying said suspension on said surface.
9. The method of claim 6 , wherein said TiO 2 nanoparticles are about 2 to about 100 nm in diameter.
10. The method of claim 6 , wherein said PHFs have a carbon cage that comprises C 60 , C 70 , C 80 or any mixture thereof.
11. The method of claim 6 , wherein a weight ratio of said PHFs to said TiO 2 nanoparticles is about 0.001 to about 0.003.
12. The method of claim 6 , wherein said step of irradiation comprises exposure of said photocatalyst to sunlight.
13. The method of claim 6 , wherein said step of irradiation comprises exposure of said photocatalyst to a visible or an ultraviolet lamp.
14. An active film for a heterojunction organic solar cell, comprising:
a conjugated polymer; and
polyhydroxyfullerenes (PHFs) comprising a fullerene (C n ) with a multiplicity of hydroxyl (OH) substituents on said fullerene, wherein n is 20 to 500 and having a ratio of non-hydroxyl functional groups to hydroxyl functional groups that is less than or equal to 0.3, wherein said PHFs have an average of about 27 to about 48 functional groups per 60 carbon atoms, and wherein said conjugated polymer is a polythiophene, substituted polythiophene, polyvinylenephenylene substituted polyvinylenephenylene, polybenzothiadiazole, substituted polybenzothiadiazole, polypyrroles, substituted polypyrroles and regular or random copolymers thereof.
15. An organic semiconductor for an organic thin-film field effect transistor (FET) comprising polyhydroxyfullerenes (PHFs) comprising a fullerene (C n ) with a multiplicity of hydroxyl (OH) substituents on said fullerene, wherein n is 20 to 500 and having a ratio of non-hydroxyl functional groups to hydroxyl functional groups that is less than or equal to 0.3, wherein said PHFs have an average of about 27 to about 48 functional groups per 60 carbon atoms, wherein said FET is n-channel.
16. The organic semiconductor of claim 15 , further comprising p-channel conducting polymers, wherein said FET is ambipolar.