Contactless card clamp circuits that compensate for regulator reference voltage fluctuations
A contactless card includes an inductive circuit configured to send and receive signals, a rectifier circuit coupled to the inductive circuit and configured to generate a DC voltage from an AC voltage generated by the inductive circuit, a clamp circuit configured to limit the DC voltage, a regulator circuit configured to regulate the DC voltage and a control circuit configured to selectively enable and disable the clamp circuit and the regulator circuit.
1. A clamp circuit comprising:
a voltage divider circuit configured to produce a plurality of voltages from a DC voltage;
a reference current generation circuit configured to generate a reference current based on a first voltage of the plurality of voltages;
a current-to-voltage conversion circuit configured to convert the reference current into a clamp start signal responsive to the reference current and a second voltage of the plurality of voltages;
a logic gate circuit configured to perform a logic operation on the clamp start signal output from the current-to-voltage conversion circuit and a control signal received from a controller; and
a shunt circuit configured to limit a magnitude of the DC voltage responsive to the clamp start signal.
2. The clamp circuit of claim 1 , wherein the logic gate circuit is configured to perform a NOR operation on the clamp start signal and the control signal to generate an output signal and wherein the shunt circuit is configured to limit the magnitude of the DC voltage responsive to the output signal.
3. The clamp circuit of claim 1 , wherein the shunt circuit comprises:
a first shunt circuit configured to limit the magnitude of the DC voltage responsive to the clamp start signal; and
a second shunt circuit configured to limit the magnitude of the DC voltage in response to a node voltage of the first shunt circuit.
4. An apparatus comprising:
a rectifier configured to generate a DC voltage from an AC voltage;
a reference voltage generator configured to generate a reference voltage;
a clamp circuit configured to limit a magnitude of the DC voltage, wherein the clamp circuit further comprises:
a voltage divider circuit configured to produce a plurality of voltages from the DC voltage;
a reference current generation circuit configured to generate a reference current based on a first voltage of the plurality of voltages;
a current-to-voltage conversion circuit configured to convert the reference current into a clamp start signal responsive to the reference current and a second voltage of the plurality of voltages; and
a shunt circuit configured to limit a magnitude of the DC voltage responsive to the clamp start signal;
a regulator circuit configured to generate a regulated DC voltage from the DC voltage; and
a control circuit configured to control the clamp circuit and the regulator circuit based on a magnitude of the reference voltage, wherein the control circuit comprises a logic gate circuit configured to perform a logic operation on the clamp start signal output from the current-to-voltage conversion circuit and a control signal.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the control circuit is configured to enable the regulator circuit when the reference voltage is greater than a threshold voltage and to disable the clamp circuit responsive to expiration of a time interval following enabling of the regulator circuit.
6. The apparatus of claim 4 , further comprising a buffer circuit configured to buffer the DC voltage and wherein the clamp circuit and/or the regulator circuit is coupled to the buffer circuit.
7. The apparatus of claim 4 ,
wherein the control signal is a control signal corresponding to the output of the reference voltage generator, and
wherein the shunt circuit is configured to limit the magnitude of the DC voltage further responsive to the control signal corresponding to the output of the reference voltage generator.
8. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the shunt circuit comprises:
a first shunt circuit configured to limit the magnitude of the DC voltage responsive to the clamp start signal; and
a second shunt circuit configured to limit the magnitude of the DC voltage responsive to a node voltage of the first shunt circuit.
9. A contactless card comprising the apparatus of claim 4 .
10. The contactless card of claim 9 , further comprising:
an inductive circuit configured to generate the AC voltage; and
a logic circuit configured to receive the DC voltage.
11. The contactless card of claim 10 , wherein the contactless card is a smart card.
12. The clamp circuit of claim 1 ,
wherein the control signal is a control signal corresponding to the output of the reference voltage generator, and
wherein the shunt circuit is configured to limit the magnitude of the DC voltage further responsive to the control signal corresponding to the output of a reference voltage generator.
13. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the logic gate circuit further includes a NOR gate configured to perform a NOR operation on the clamp start signal and the control signal corresponding to the output of the reference voltage generator and wherein the shunt circuit is configured to limit the magnitude of the DC voltage responsive to an output signal of the NOR gate.
14. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the control circuit is configured to control the clamp circuit by providing the control signal corresponding to the output of the reference voltage generator.