Conversion of triacylglycerides-containing oils to hydrocarbons

1. A process for converting triacylglycerides-containing oils into crude oil precursors and/or distillate hydrocarbon fuels, the process comprising:

producing a mixture of a triacylglycerides-containing oil, water, and H 2 comprising the steps of:

supplying a triacylglycerides-containing oil feed stream to a hydrothermolysis reactor;

supplying a water feed stream to the hydrothermolysis reactor;

supplying a H 2 feed stream to the hydrothermolysis reactor;

reacting the mixture in the hydrothermolysis reactor operated at a temperature in the range from about 250° C. to about 525° C. and a pressure greater than about 75 bar to convert at least a portion of the triacylglycerides and recovering a reaction effluent;

hydrotreating the reaction effluent, comprising water and one or more of isoolefins, isoparaffins, cycloolefins, cycloparaffins, and aromatics, to form a hydrotreated effluent;

wherein the mixture has a water to triacylglycerides mass ratio in the range from about 0.001:1 to about 1:1; and

wherein the mixture has a H 2 to triacylglycerides mass ratio in the range from about 0.001:1 to about 0.5:1.

2. The process of claim 1 , further comprising mixing a triacylglycerides-containing oil with water and H 2 to form the mixture.

3. The process of claim 1 , further comprising mixing a triacylglycerides-containing oil with water to form a triacylglyceride-containing oil-water mixture.

4. The process of claim 3 , further comprising mixing the triacylglyceride-containing oil-water mixture with H 2 to form the mixture.

5. The process of claim 1 , further comprising separating at least one of H 2 and water from the hydrotreated effluent.

6. The process of claim 5 , further comprising and recycling the separated H 2 to the reacting step.

7. The process of claim 1 , further comprising co-processing a non-renewable hydrocarbon feedstock with the reaction effluent in the hydrotreating step.

8. The process of claim 1 , wherein the triacylglycerides-containing oil comprises a renewable oil from at least one of camelina, carinata, cotton, jatropha, karanja, moringa, palm, castor, corn, linseed, peanut, soybean, sunflower, tung, babassu, or at least one triacylglycerides-containing coil from at least one of canola, shea butter, tall oil, tallow, waste vegetable oil, algal oil, and pongamia.

9. The process of claim 1 , further comprising fractionating the hydrotreated effluent to recover one or more hydrocarbon fractions boiling in the range of naphtha, diesel, or jet fuel.

10. The process of claim 1 , wherein the reacting is performed in the absence of an added catalyst.

11. The process of claim 1 , further comprising injecting water into the hydrothermolysis reactor to maintain a temperature or a temperature profile within the hydrothermolysis reactor.

12. The process of claim 9 , wherein the hydrocarbon fraction boiling in the range of jet fuel has a total acid number of less than 0.015 expressed as mg KOH per gram.

13. The process of claim 9 , wherein the hydrocarbon fraction boiling in the range of jet fuel has an olefins content of less than about 5 vol % and an aromatics content of less than about 25 vol %.

14. The process of claim 9 , wherein

the jet fraction may be used directly as a jet fuel without blending; or

the diesel fraction may be used directly as a diesel fuel without blending.

15. A process for converting triacylglycerides-containing oils into crude oil precursors and/or distillate hydrocarbon fuels, the process comprising:

mixing a triacylglyceride-containing oil with water to form a triacylglycerides-water mixture, wherein the triacylglycerides-water mixture has a water to triacylglycerides mass ratio in the range from about 0.001:1 to about 1:1;

mixing a H 2 feed stream with the triacylglycerides-water mixture to form a mixed feed, wherein the mixed feed has a H 2 to triacylglycerides mass ratio in the range from about 0.001:1 to about 0.5:1;

reacting the mixed feed in a hydrothermolysis reaction zone at a temperature in the range from about 250° C. to about 525° C. and a pressure greater than about 75 bar to convert, via hydrothermolysis in the absence of added inorganic heterogeneous catalyst, at least a portion of the triacylglycerides to hydrocarbon compounds comprising one or more of isoolefins, isoparaffins, cycloolefins, cycloparaffins, and aromatics;

recovering an effluent comprising water and the hydrocarbon compounds from the hydrothermolysis reaction zone;

feeding the effluent from the hydrothermolysis reaction zone, without any intermediate separation of the water, to a catalytic hydrotreatment zone to hydrotreat the hydrothermolysis effluent; and

recovering a hydrotreated effluent.

16. The process of claim 15 , wherein the reaction conditions comprise a pressure and a temperature greater than the critical pressure and temperature of water.

17. The process of claim 15 , further comprising separating water and H 2 from the hydrotreated effluent.

18. The process of claim 17 , further comprising recycling at least one of the separated H 2 and the separated water to the reacting step.

19. The process of claim 15 , wherein the triacylglycerides-containing oil comprises a renewable oil from at least one of camelina, carinata, jatropha, karanja, moringa, palm, castor, corn, linseed, peanut, soybean, sunflower, tung, babassu, tallow, waste vegetable oil, algal oil, and canola.

20. The process of claim 15 , further comprising fractionating the hydrotreated effluent to recover one or more hydrocarbon fractions boiling in the range of naphtha, diesel, or jet.

21. The process of claim 15 , wherein the hydrothermolysis effluent further comprises organic acids, and wherein the catalytic hydrotreatment zone further hydrodeoxygenates and/or decarboxylates the hydrothermolysis effluent.

22. The process of claim 1 , wherein the hydrotreating step is conducted in two or more hydrotreaters arranged in series or in a hydrotreater comprising two or more catalyst beds.

23. The process of claim 22 , further comprising:

passing the reaction effluent through a first catalyst bed comprising a catalyst having hydrogenation activity; and

passing the reaction effluent through a second catalyst bed comprising a catalyst having one or more of decarboxylation, hydrodeoxygenation, or hydrodenitrogenation activity.

24. The process of claim 22 , wherein the catalyst bed proximate an inlet of the hydrotreater or the first hydrotreater comprises a catalyst useful for at least one of:

decarboxylation;

hydrodeoxygenation of alcohols or free fatty acids to produce C5-C24 paraffins;

saturation of mono-, di- and tri-olefins contained in the alkyl backbone of the free fatty acids;

hydrodenitrogenation of trace organic nitrogen compounds; and

catalyst tolerance for water coming in with hydrocarbonaceous feed.

25. The process of claim 1 , wherein the reaction step is conducted in a hydrothermolysis reaction zone comprising two or more hydrothermolysis reactors arranged in series or parallel.

26. A process for converting triacylglycerides-containing oils into crude oil precursors and/or distillate hydrocarbon fuels, the process comprising:

mixing a triacylglyceride-containing oil with water and H 2 to form a mixed feed, wherein the mixed feed has a water to triacylglycerides mass ratio in the range from about 0.001:1 to about 1:1 and a H 2 to triacylglycerides mass ratio in the range from about 0.001:1 to about 0.5:1;

reacting the mixed feed in a hydrothermolysis reaction zone, in the absence of added catalyst, under reaction conditions sufficient to convert at least a portion of the triacylglycerides via hydrothermolysis to produce hydrocarbon compounds comprising one or more of isoolefins, isoparaffins, cycloolefins, cycloparaffins, and aromatics, wherein the hydrothermolysis reaction zone comprises one or more tubular conduits within a furnace maintaining a temperature of hydrothermolysis reactor effluent proximate an outlet of the hydrothermolysis reaction zone at a temperature in the range from about 400° C. to about 525° C. and a pressure greater than about 75 bar;

recovering an effluent from the hydrothermolysis reaction zone;

feeding the effluent from the hydrothermolysis reaction zone, without any intermediate separations of water, to a catalytic hydrotreatment zone to hydrotreat the hydrothermolysis effluent, wherein the hydrotreatment zone comprises two or more hydrotreaters arranged in series and/or a hydrotreater comprising two or more catalyst beds; and

recovering a hydrotreated effluent.

27. The process of claim 26 , further comprising injecting water into the hydrothermolysis reactor to maintain a temperature or a temperature profile within the hydrothermolysis reactor.

28. The process of claim 26 , wherein the temperature of the hydrothermolysis reactor effluent proximate the outlet of the hydrothermolysis reaction zone is maintained at a temperature in the range from about 425° C. to about 500° C.

29. The process of claim 1 , wherein the reaction effluent further comprises unconverted H 2 .

30. The process of claim 15 , wherein the effluent recovered from the hydrothermolysis reaction zone further comprises unconverted H 2 .

31. A process for converting triacylglycerides-containing oils into crude oil precursors and/or distillate hydrocarbon fuels, the process comprising:

reacting, in a hydrothermolysis reactor, a mixture comprising a triacylglycerides-containing oil, water, and H 2 at a temperature in the range from about 250° C. to about 525° C. and a pressure greater than about 75 bar to convert at least a portion of the triacylglycerides and recovering a reaction effluent, wherein the mixture has a water to triacylglycerides mass ratio in the range from about 0.001:1 to about 1:1 and a H 2 to triacylglycerides mass ratio in the range from about 0.001:1 to about 0.5:1;

hydrotreating the reaction effluent, comprising water and one or more of isoolefins, isoparaffins, cycloolefins, cycloparaffins, and aromatics, to form a hydrotreated effluent; and

hydrocracking the hydrotreated effluent.