Developing device and image forming apparatus and process cartridge incorporating same
A developing device includes a developer bearer to carry, by rotation, developer including toner and magnetic carrier to a development range facing a latent image bearer, and the developer bearer includes a magnetic field generator having multiple magnetic poles and a cylindrical developing sleeve to rotate and bear developer on an outer circumferential face thereof with magnetic force of the magnetic field generator provided inside the developing sleeve. The developing sleeve receives developing bias voltage including an AC component, and includes a base to maintain a cylindrical shape of the developing sleeve and a low friction surface layer including a material lower in friction coefficient with toner than a material of the base.
1. A developing device comprising:
a developer bearer to carry, by rotation, developer including toner and magnetic carrier to a development range facing a latent image bearer to bear a latent image,
the developer bearer including:
a magnetic field generator having multiple magnetic poles; and
a cylindrical developing sleeve to rotate and bear developer on an outer circumferential face thereof with magnetic force of the magnetic field generator provided inside the developing sleeve,
the developing sleeve to receive developing bias voltage including an AC component, the developing sleeve including:
a base to maintain a cylindrical shape of the developing sleeve, and
a low friction surface layer including a material lower in friction coefficient with toner than a material of the base,
wherein the low friction surface layer comprises tetrahedral amorphous carbon.
2. The developing device according to claim 1 , wherein the developing bias voltage comprises a DC component and an AC component superimposed thereon,
a surface potential of the developing sleeve changes cyclically by application of the developing bias voltage, and
a smallest surface potential of the developing sleeve in a direction of a toner normal charge polarity is greater in the direction of the toner normal charge polarity than a potential of an exposed portion on a surface of the latent image bearer.
3. The developing device according to claim 1 , wherein, in the AC component of the developing bias voltage, a duty ratio of an opposite polarity component, a polarity of which is opposite a toner normal charge polarity, is 20% or smaller.
4. The developing device according to claim 1 , wherein the base of the developing sleeve comprises aluminum.
5. A process cartridge removably installed in an image forming apparatus, the process cartridge comprising:
the latent image bearer;
the developing device according to claim 1 , to develop the latent image on the latent image bearer; and
a common unit casing to hold the latent image bearer and the developing device as a single unit.
6. An image forming apparatus comprising:
a latent image bearer to bear a latent image thereon;
a developing device to develop the latent image with developer including toner and magnetic carrier to form a toner image, the developing device including a developer bearer to carry, by rotation, developer including toner and magnetic carrier to a development range facing a latent image bearer, the developer bearer including:
a magnetic field generator having multiple magnetic poles; and
a cylindrical developing sleeve to rotate and bear developer on an outer circumferential face thereof with magnetic force of the magnetic field generator provided inside the developing sleeve,
the developing sleeve including a base to maintain a cylindrical shape of the developing sleeve and a low friction surface layer including a material lower in friction coefficient with toner than a material of the base;
a voltage application device to apply, to the developing sleeve, developing bias voltage including an AC component; and
a duty ratio controller to control, according to an image area ratio of an image to be developed, a duty ratio of the AC component of a developing bias voltage,
wherein when the image area ratio is 30% or smaller, in the AC component of the developing bias voltage, the duty ratio controller sets a duty ratio of an opposite polarity component, a polarity of which is opposite a toner normal charge polarity, to 3% or smaller.
7. An image forming apparatus comprising:
a latent image bearer to bear a latent image thereon;
a developing device to develop the latent image with developer including toner and magnetic carrier to form a toner image, the developing device including a developer bearer to carry, by rotation, developer including toner and magnetic carrier to a development range facing a latent image bearer, the developer bearer including:
a magnetic field generator having multiple magnetic poles; and
a cylindrical developing sleeve to rotate and bear developer on an outer circumferential face thereof with magnetic force of the magnetic field generator provided inside the developing sleeve;
a voltage application device to apply, to the developing sleeve, developing bias voltage including an AC component; and
a duty ratio controller to control, according to an image area ratio of an image to be developed, a duty ratio of the AC component of a developing bias voltage,
wherein when the image area ratio is 30% or smaller, in the AC component of the developing bias voltage, the duty ratio controller sets a duty ratio of an opposite polarity component, a polarity of which is opposite a toner normal charge polarity, to 3% or smaller.