Photoluminescent compounds
Materials comprising an A/M/X compound are provided. An A/M/X compound is a compound comprising one or more A moieties, one or more M atoms and one or more X atoms, where the A moieties are selected from organic cations and elements from Group 1 of the periodic table, the M atoms are selected from elements from Group 14 of the periodic table, and the X atoms are selected from elements from Group 17 of the periodic table. The materials include two-phase materials in which the A/M/X compound provides a first phase and a metal oxide or metal halide compound provides a second phase.
1. A two-phase material comprising; a first phase of a compound having a formula selected from AMX 3 , A 2 MX 4 , AM 2 X 5 or A 2 MX 6 , where the A is selected from elements from Group 1 of the periodic table, the M is C, Ge, Sn or Pb, and X is selected from elements from Group 17 of the periodic table; and a second phase comprising a metal oxide of the formula (M′O y′ ), where y′=1, 1.5 or 2, where M′ is selected from elements of Groups 2-4 or elements of Groups 12-15 of the periodic table, and further wherein M and M′ are different elements.
2. The material of claim 1 , wherein the two-phase material is selected from the group consisting of (CsSnI 3 ) 1-x (M′O) x , where M′=Si, Ge, or Pb; (CsSnI 3 ) 1-x (M′O 1.5 ) x , where M′=B, Al, Ga, In, Sc, or Y; (CsSnI 3 ) 1-x (M′O 2 ) x , where M′=Si, Ge, or Pb; (Cs 2 SnI 4 ) 1-x (M′O) x , where M′=Si, Ge, or Pb; (Cs 2 SnI 4 ) 1-x (M′O 1.5 ) x , where M′=B, Al, Ga, In, Sc, or Y; and (Cs 2 SnI 4 ) 1-x (M′O 2 ) x , M′=Si, Ge, or Pb, where 0.01<x<0.99.
3. The material of claim 1 , wherein the two-phase material emits photoluminescence in the wavelength range from about 700 nm to about 2000 nm when it is irradiated with incident radiation having wavelengths in near-infrared or infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
4. The material of claim 1 , where M′ is selected from elements of Group 3, Group 13 or Group 15 of the periodic table and y′=1.5.
5. The material of claim 1 , where M′ is selected from elements of Group 14 of the periodic table and y′=1 or 2.
6. The material of claim 1 , wherein M is Sn.
7. A two-phase material comprising: a first phase pound having the formula AMX 3 , where the A is selected from elements from Group 1 of the periodic table, the M is selected from elements from Group 14 of the periodic table, and X is selected from elements from Group 17 of the periodic table; and a second phase comprising a metal oxide of the formula (M′O y′ ), where y′=1, 1.5 or 2, where M′ is selected from elements of Groups 2-4 or elements of Groups 12-15 of the periodic table, and further wherein M and M′ are different elements, such that the two-phase material has the formula (AMX 3 ) (1-x) (M′O y ′) x , where 0.01<x<0.99.
8. The material of claim 7 , wherein the compound is CsSnI 3 .
9. A two-phase material comprising: a first phase of a compound having the formula A 2 MX 4 , where the A is selected from elements from Group 1 of the periodic table, the M is selected from elements from Group 14 of the periodic table, and X is selected from elements from Group 17 of the periodic table; and a second phase comprising a metal oxide of the formula (M′O y′ ), where y′=1, 1.5 or 2, where M′ is selected from elements of Groups 2-4 or elements of Groups 12-15 of the periodic table, and further wherein M and M′ are different elements, such that the two-phase material has the formula (A 2 MX 4 ) (1-x) (M′O y′ ) x , where 0.01<x<0.99.
10. The material of claim 9 , wherein the compound is Cs 2 SnI 4 .
11. A two-phase material comprising; a first phase of a compound having a formula selected from AMX 3 , A 2 MX 4 , AM 2 X 5 or A 2 MX 6 , where the A is selected from elements from Group 1 of the periodic table, the M is selected from elements from Group 14 of the periodic table, and X is selected from elements from Group 17 of the periodic table; and a second phase comprising a metal halide of the formula A 2 M′X 6 where M′ is Si, Ge, Ti, Zr or Hf, or A 3 M′X 6 , where M′ is Al, Ga, In, Sc or Y.
12. The material of claim 11 , wherein the compound is CsSnI 3 or Cs 2 SnI 4 .
13. The material of claim 11 , wherein the two-phase material is selected from the group consisting of (CsSnI 3 ) 1-x (Cs 1.5 M′ 0.5 F 3 ) x , M′=Al, Ga, In, Sc, or Y; (CsSnI 3 ) 1-x (CsM′ 0.5 F 3 ) x , M′=Ge, Ti, Zr, or Hf; (Cs 2 SnI 4 ) 1-x (Cs 1.5 M′ 0.5 F 3 ) x , M′=Al, Ga, In, Sc, or Y; and (Cs 2 SnI 4 ) 1-x (CsM′ 0.5 F 3 ) x , M′=Si, Ge, Ti, Zr, or Hf, where 0.01<x<0.99.
14. The material of claim 11 , wherein the metal halide has the formula A 3 M′X 6 and M′ is Al.
15. The material of claim 11 , wherein the compound has the formula AMX 3 and the AMX 3 compound comprises two X elements, such that the compound has the formula AMX (3-x) X′ x , where X and X′ are different halogen atoms and 0.01<x<0.99.
16. The material of claim 15 , wherein X is I and X′ is F.
17. The material of claim 11 , where M′ is Ga or In and the metal halide has the formula A 3 M′X 6 .
18. The material of claim 11 , where M′ is Ge and the metal halide has the formula A 2 M′X 6 .
19. A two-phase material comprising: a first phase of a compound having a formula selected from AMX 3 , A 2 MX 4 , AM 2 X 5 or A 2 MX 6 , where the A is selected from elements from Group 1 of the periodic table, the M is C, Ge, Sn or Pb, and X is selected from elements from Group 17 of the periodic table; and a second phase comprising a metal oxide of the formula (M′O y′ ), to provide the two-phase material with the formula (AMX 3 ) (1-x) (M′O y′ ) x , (A 2 MX 4 ) (1-x) (M′O y′ ) x , (AM 2 X 5 ) (1-x) (M′O y′ ) x , or (A 2 MX 6 ) (1-x) (M′O y′ ) x , where 0.3≦x<0.99 and y′=1, 1.5 or 2, where M′ is selected from elements of Groups 2-4 or elements of Groups 12-15 of the periodic table.
20. The material of claim 19 , wherein M′ is Sn, Al, Pb, Si or B.
21. The material of claim 19 , where 0.5<x.
22. The material of claim 19 , wherein the compound is CsSnI 3 and the metal oxide is SnO.
23. The material of claim 19 , wherein M is Sn.