Virus traps
Specific applications of particles and particle agglomerates with semiconductor surfaces are provided. The particles and particle agglomerates display a high affinity for viral particles, and may be used therapeutically and/or prophylactically to treat or prevent viral infections. The particles and particle agglomerates may also be used to remove viral particles from a surface or fluid, e.g., as an absorbent in a filter, applied to surfaces to render them virostatic, and as tool to handle viral particles, e.g., for research, diagnostic, or decontamination purposes.
1. A method for binding viral particles comprising contacting a viral particle comprising contacting a viral particle with a particle or particle agglomerate comprising a metal oxide semiconductor surface and a plurality of polar defect sites, wherein the surface of the surface to volume ratio of the particle or particle agglomerate is larger than that of a spherical particle of the same volume, and wherein the largest cross sectional length of the particle or particle agglomerate ranges from about 100 nm to about 30 μm, and wherein the particle or particle agglomerate does not significantly impair cell viability at concentrations up to 500 μg/ml.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particle or particle agglomerate has been doped to generate polar defect sites.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the doping occurs directly before the particle or particle agglomerate is contacted with the viral particle.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particle or particle agglomerate comprises a mixture of at least two semiconductor compounds.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particle or particle agglomerate comprise zinc oxide (ZnO).
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the particle or particle agglomerate has been doped by UV-treatment to generate polar defect sites.
7. The method of claim 5 , wherein the particle or particle agglomerate has been doped by heating under H 2 -atmosphere to generate polar defect sites.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein viral particle is an enveloped viral particle.
9. The method of claim 8 , in which the viral particle is a herpes simplex viral particle or a human immunodeficiency viral particle.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the viral particle is present in a liquid, and the particle or particle agglomerate is added to the liquid.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the viral particle is present on a surface, and the particle or particle agglomerate is present in a solution or suspension that is applied to the surface.
12. The method of claim 1 , the particle or particle agglomerate is applied to a surface, and the surface is contacted by the viral particle.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particle or particle agglomerate is applied to a filter, and the filter is contacted by the virus particle.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the filter is a blood filter.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the filter is a water filter.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein the filter is an air filter.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particle or particle agglomerate has the shape of tetrapods, interconnected hexagonal rods, sea urchins capped with nanoscopic filopodia-like structures or a core covered by spikes.