Compositions and methods for enhancing physiological performance and recovery time
Provided are methods for enhancing exercise (e.g., intense, eccentric, elevated temperature, repetitive, aerobic, and high altitude) performance, comprising administering electrokinetically-altered aqueous fluids comprising an ionic aqueous solution of stably configured charge-stabilized oxygen-containing nanostructures predominantly having an average diameter of less than 100 nanometers. In certain aspects, enhancing exercise performance comprises at least one of: reducing plasma inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IFN-alpha, ENA-78 and BDNF); ameliorating muscle/tendon damage or enhancing muscle/tendon recovery; reducing biomarkers of exercise-induced muscle injury (e.g., CK-, plasma myoglobin); ameliorating exercise induced tendinosis, tendonitis, tenosynovitis, avulsion, and tendon strain associated with chronic repetitive movement or enhancing recovering therefrom; increasing VO 2 max; decreasing RPE; reducing blood lactate; preserving muscle contractile function (e.g., maximal force, joint ROM); reducing muscle soreness; ameliorating onset of fatigue in an exercising subject. Improved methods for producing electrokinetically altered aqueous fluids (including sports beverages) are also provided.
1. A method for enhancing exercise performance and/or recovery time, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, an ionic aqueous solution of charge-stabilized oxygen-containing nanobubbles having an average diameter of less than 100 nanometers in an amount sufficient to provide for enhancing exercise performance and/or recovery time, wherein the ionic aqueous solution comprises oxygen in an amount of at least 15 ppm at ambient temperature and, atmospheric pressure, wherein the exercise comprises at least one of intense exercise, eccentric exercise, exercise in elevated ambient temperature, repetitive exercise, aerobic exercise, and/or high altitude exercise, and wherein enhancing exercise performance and/or recovery time comprises reducing exercise-induced increases of plasma inflammatory cytokine levels in the subject or comprises ameliorating exercise-mediated muscle and/or tendon damage and enhancing muscle and/or tendon recovery therefrom.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the exercise-induced plasma inflammatory cytokine is one selected from the group consisting of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), epithelial neutrophil activating protein 78 (ENA-78), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ionic aqueous solution comprises oxygen in an amount selected from the group consisting of at least 25 ppm, at least 30 ppm, at least 40 ppm, at least 50 ppm, and at least 60 ppm oxygen at ambient temperature and, atmospheric pressure.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ionic aqueous solution comprises a saline solution.
5. The method of any one of claims 1 , 2 , and 3 - 4 , wherein the ionic aqueous solution comprises oral administration of aqueous solution or sports beverage.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the sports beverage comprises a sugar, carbohydrate, electrolyte or other sports beverage ingredient.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the ionic aqueous solution comprises at least one positively-charged ion selected from the group consisting of: alkali metal based salts; alkali metal based salts of Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+; alkaline earth based salts; alkaline earth based salts of Mg++ and Ca++; and transition metal-based positive ions of Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn.