Methods and systems for coating a surface

1. A chemical compound, wherein the chemical compound comprises a structure:

wherein each R 1 is independently a heterocycle group or a substituted heterocycle group, wherein when R 1 is a heterocycle group at least three moieties forming the heterocycle group of R 1 are independently coupled to the adjacent —R 2 — moiety of the general structure, and wherein when R 1 is a substituted heterocycle group at least three moieties forming a heterocycle of the substituted heterocycle group of R 1 are independently coupled to the adjacent —R 2 — moiety of the general structure or the substituted heterocycle group comprises at least three substituents and each of three of the substituents of the substituted heterocycle group of R 1 are independently coupled to the adjacent —R 2 — moiety of the general structure;

wherein each R 2 is independently an alkyl group, a substituted alkyl group, or an alkene;

wherein each R 3 is independently an alkyl group, a substituted alkyl group, an aryl group, a substituted aryl group, a heterocycle group, a substituted heterocycle group, an alkene, an ether, a polyethyleneglycol, a benzyl group, a hydrophilic group, or a polyethyleneimine;

wherein each R 4 is independently an aryl group or a substituted aryl group, wherein when R 4 is an aryl group the aryl group comprises a phenyl, a naphthyl, a biphenyl, a diphenylmethyl, or a benzophenone, wherein when R 4 is an aryl group at least two moieties forming the aryl group are independently coupled to the adjacent nitrogen of the —NR 3 —R 2 — moiety or the —N + R 3 2 —R 2 — moiety, wherein when R 4 is a substituted aryl group the substituted aryl group comprises a phenyl having at least one substituent, a naphthyl having at least one substituent, a biphenyl having at least one substituent, a diphenylmethyl having at least one substituent, a benzophenone having at least one substituent,

 wherein when R 4 is a substituted aryl group the substituted aryl group has at least two substituents and each of two of the substituents of the substituted aryl group are independently coupled to the adjacent nitrogen of the —NR 3 —R 2 — moiety or the —N + R 3 2 —R 2 —moiety or when R 4 is a substituted aryl group the substituted aryl group has at least one substituent and at least two moieties forming an aryl group of the substituted aryl group are independently coupled to the adjacent nitrogen of the —NR 3 —R 2 — moiety or the —N + R 3 2 —R 2 —moiety;

wherein Z is at least one bridge, wherein at least one of the bridges is —R 2 —N + R 3 2 —R 4 —N + R 3 2 —R 2 — or —R 2 —NR 3 —R 4 —NR 3 —R 2 —, and wherein each bridge independently couples R 1 to R 1 ;

wherein the heterocycle group comprises a 5-7 membered monocyclic ring or a 7-10-membered bicyclic heterocyclic ring, and wherein the heterocycle group comprises carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms;

wherein the substituted alkyl group comprises at least one substituent and wherein each substituent is independently an aryl, an acyl, an alkyl, a halogen, an alkylhalo, a hydroxy, an amino, an alkoxy, an alkylamino, an acylamino, an acyloxy, an aryloxy, an aryloxyalkyl, a mercapto, a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon, an unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon, and/or a heterocycle;

wherein the substituted aryl group comprises at least one substituent and wherein each substituent is independently an alkyl, an aryl, an acyl, a halogen, an alkylhalo, a hydroxy, an amino, an alkoxy, an alkylamino, an acylamino, an acyloxy, an aryloxy, an aryloxyalkyl, a thioether, a heterocycle, a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon, and/or an unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon;

wherein the substituted heterocycle group comprises at least one substituent and wherein each substituent is independently an alkyl, an aryl, an acyl, a halogen, an alkylhalo, a hydroxy, an amino, an alkoxy, an alkylamino, an acylamino, an acyloxy, an aryloxy, an aryloxyalkyl, a thioether, a heterocycle, a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon, and/or an unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon;

wherein each of the hydrophilic groups independently comprises a hydroxyl, a methoxy, a carboxylic acid, an ester of a carboxylic acid, an amide, an amino, a cyano, an isocyano, an ammonium salt, a sulfonium salts, a phosphonium salt, a mono-alkyl substituted amino groups, a di-alkyl substituted amino group, a polypropyleneglycol, a polyethylene glycol, an epoxy group, an acrylate, a sulfonamide, a nitro, a —OP(O)(OCH 2 CH 2 N + R 3 R 3 R 3 )O − , a guanidinium, an aminate, an acrylamide, a pyridinium, a piperidine, a polymethylene chains substituted with an alcohol, a carboxylate, an acrylate, or a methacrylate, an alkyl chain having internal amino or substituted amino groups comprising internal —NH—, —NC(O)R 3 —, or —NC(O)CH═CH 2 — groups, a polycaprolactone, a polycaprolactone diol, a poly(acetic acid), a poly(vinyl acetate), a poly(2-vinyl pyridine), a cellulose ester, a cellulose hydroxylether, a poly(L-lysine hydrobromide), a poly(itaconic acid), a poly(maleic acid), a poly(styrenesulfonic acid), a poly(aniline), or a poly(vinyl phosphonic acid); and

wherein X comprises one or more negatively charged counter ions.

2. The chemical compound of claim 1 , wherein each R 3 is independently an alkyl-aryl group, a substituted alkyl-aryl group, an alkyl group, a substituted alkyl group, an aryl group, a substituted aryl group, a heterocycle group, a substituted heterocycle group, an alkene, an ether, a polyethyleneglycol, a hydrophilic group, or a polyethyleneimine, and wherein at least one alkyl group comprises a C5-C7 alkyl group.

3. The chemical compound of claim 1 , wherein at least one R 3 comprises a guanidinium.

4. The chemical compound of claim 1 , wherein at least one R 3 comprises a substituted aryl group, wherein at least one of the substituted aryl group's substituents comprises a guanidinium group.

5. The chemical compound of claim 1 , wherein the chemical compound has a general structure:

wherein at least one R 3 comprises a substituted aryl group, and wherein at least one of the substituted aryl group's substituents comprises a guanidinium group; and

wherein X comprises one or more negatively charged counter ions.

6. The chemical compound of claim 1 , wherein the chemical compound is part of a chemical composition, wherein the chemical composition further comprises one or more polymerizable compounds and/or one or more polymers.

7. The chemical compound of claim 1 , wherein the chemical compound is part of a chemical composition, wherein the chemical composition further comprises one or more polymerizable compounds and/or one or more polymers, wherein the chemical composition is configured such that, when the chemical composition is applied to a surface and cured, then at least a portion of the chemical composition forms an antimicrobial coating over at least a portion of the surface.

8. A method of coating a surface, comprising:

applying a chemical compound to a surface, the chemical compound comprising one or more bridged polycyclic compounds, wherein the bridged polycyclic compound comprises a structure:

wherein each R 1 is independently a heterocycle group or a substituted heterocycle group, wherein when R 1 is a heterocycle group at least three moieties forming the heterocycle group of R 1 are independently coupled to the adjacent —R 2 — moiety of the general structure, and wherein when R 1 is a substituted heterocycle group at least three moieties forming a heterocycle of the substituted heterocycle group of R 1 are independently coupled to the adjacent —R 2 — moiety of the general structure or the substituted heterocycle group comprises at least three substituents and each of three of the substituents of the substituted heterocycle group of R 1 are independently coupled to the adjacent —R 2 — moiety of the general structure;

wherein each R 2 is independently an alkyl group, a substituted alkyl group, or an alkene;

wherein each R 3 is independently an alkyl group, a substituted alkyl group, an aryl group, a substituted aryl group, a heterocycle group, a substituted heterocycle group, an alkene, an ether, a polyethyleneglycol, a benzyl group, a hydrophilic group, or a polyethyleneimine;

wherein each R 4 is independently an aryl group or a substituted aryl group, wherein when R 4 is an aryl group the aryl group comprises a phenyl, a naphthyl, a biphenyl, a diphenylmethyl, or a benzophenone, wherein when R 4 is an aryl group at least two moieties forming the aryl group are independently coupled to the adjacent nitrogen of the —NR 3 —R 2 — moiety or the —N + R 3 2 —R 2 — moiety, wherein when R 4 is a substituted aryl group the substituted aryl group comprises a phenyl having at least one substituent, a naphthyl having at least one substituent, a biphenyl having at least one substituent, a diphenylmethyl having at least one substituent, a benzophenone having at least one substituent,

 wherein when R 4 is a substituted aryl group the substituted aryl group has at least two substituents and each of two of the substituents of the substituted aryl group are independently coupled to the adjacent nitrogen of the —NR 3 —R 2 — moiety or the —N + R 3 2 —R 2 — moiety or when R 4 is a substituted aryl group the substituted aryl group has at least one substituent and at least two moieties forming an aryl group of the substituted aryl group are independently coupled to the adjacent nitrogen of the —NR 3 —R 2 — moiety or the —N + R 3 2 —R 2 — moiety;

wherein Z is at least one bridge, wherein at least one of the bridges is —R 2 —N + R 3 2 —R 4 —N + R 3 2 —R 2 — or —R 2 —NR 3 —R 4 —NR 3 —R 2 —, and wherein each bridge independently couples R 1 to R 1 ;

wherein the heterocycle group comprises a 5-7-membered monocyclic ring or a 7-10-membered bicyclic heterocyclic ring, and wherein the heterocycle group comprises carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms;

wherein the substituted alkyl group comprises at least one substituent and wherein each substituent is independently an aryl, an acyl, an alkyl, a halogen, an alkylhalo, a hydroxy, an amino, an alkoxy, an alkylamino, an acylamino, an acyloxy, an aryloxy, an aryloxyalkyl, a mercapto, a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon, an unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon, and/or a heterocycle;

wherein the substituted aryl group comprises at least one substituent and wherein each substituent is independently an alkyl, an aryl, an acyl, a halogen, an alkylhalo, a hydroxy, an amino, an alkoxy, an alkylamino, an acylamino, an acyloxy, an aryloxy, an aryloxyalkyl, a thioether, a heterocycle, a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon, and/or an unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon;

wherein the substituted heterocycle group comprises at least one substituent and wherein each substituent is independently an alkyl, an aryl, an acyl, a halogen, an alkylhalo, a hydroxy, an amino, an alkoxy, an alkylamino, an acylamino, an acyloxy, an aryloxy, an aryloxyalkyl, a thioether, a heterocycle, a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon, and/or an unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon;

wherein each of the hydrophilic groups independently comprises a hydroxyl, a methoxy, a carboxylic acid, an ester of a carboxylic acid, an amide, an amino, a cyano, an isocyano, an ammonium salt, a sulfonium salts, a phosphonium salt, a mono-alkyl substituted amino groups, a di-alkyl substituted amino group, a polypropyleneglycol, a polyethylene glycol, an epoxy group, an acrylate, a sulfonamide, a nitro, a —OP(O)(OCH 2 CH 2 N + R 3 R 3 R 3 )O − , a guanidinium, an aminate, an acrylamide, a pyridinium, a piperidine, a polymethylene chains substituted with an alcohol, a carboxylate, an acrylate, or a methacrylate, an alkyl chain having internal amino or substituted amino groups comprising internal —NH—, —NC(O)R 3 —, or —NC(O)CH═CH 2 — groups, a polycaprolactone, a polycaprolactone diol, a poly(acetic acid), a poly(vinyl acetate), a poly(2-vinyl pyridine), a cellulose ester, a cellulose hydroxylether, a poly(L-lysine hydrobromide), a poly(itaconic acid), a poly(maleic acid), a poly(styrenesulfonic acid), a poly(aniline), or a poly(vinyl phosphonic acid); and

wherein X comprises one or more negatively charged counter ions; and

forming an antimicrobial coating over at least a portion of the surface.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the bridged polycyclic compound has a structure (I):

10. The method of claim 8 , wherein at least one R 3 comprises a guanidinium.

11. The method of claim 8 , wherein at least one R 3 comprises an amide moiety.

12. The method of claim 8 , wherein the bridged polycyclic compound has a structure:

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein R 4 is a substituted aryl group, and wherein the substituted aryl group comprises —(CH 2 )-phenyl-(CH 2 )—.

14. The method of claim 12 , wherein at least one R 3 is a substituted aryl group.

15. The method of claim 12 , wherein at least one R 3 comprises a substituted aryl group, wherein at least one of the substituted aryl group's substituents comprises a guanidinium group.

16. The method of claim 8 , wherein at least one R 3 is a hydrophilic group.

17. The method of claim 8 , further comprising curing the compound such that at least a portion of the compound bonds to the surface.

18. The method of claim 8 , wherein the antimicrobial coating inhibits microbial adhesion.

19. The method of claim 8 , wherein the compound has a minimum inhibitory concentration of less than 0.1 mg/mL.

20. The method of claim 8 , wherein at least one X comprises one or more elements with antimicrobial activity or antiinflammatory activity.