Imaging, fabrication and measurement systems and methods

1. A measurement system comprising,

a first set of a plurality of imaging channels having overlapping fields of view, wherein each imaging channel of the first set of plurality of imaging channels provides a difference in intensity verses an angular position of at least one first measured object and comprises,

infinity corrected and intensity coded optics adapted to receive light comprising information about the at least one first measured object, the infinity corrected and intensity coded optics comprising an exit pupil,

a micro lens array adapted to receive at least a portion of the light from the exit pupil and emit focused light, and

one or more electromagnetic energy detectors adapted to receive the emitted focused light from the micro lens array; and

at least one second set of plurality of imaging channels having overlapping fields of view, wherein each imaging channel of the at least one second set of plurality of imaging channels provides a difference in intensity verses an angular position of at least one second measured object and comprises,

infinity corrected and intensity coded optics adapted to receive light comprising information about the at least one second measured object, the infinity corrected and intensity coded optics comprising an exit pupil,

a micro lens array adapted to receive at least a portion of the light from the exit pupil and emit focused light, and

one or more electromagnetic energy detectors adapted to receive the emitted focused light from the micro lens array.

2. The measurement system of claim 1 wherein,

the light from the exit pupil comprises complex light;

the micro lens array is further adapted to separate complex light onto separate regions of the one or more electromagnetic energy detectors; and

the one or more electromagnetic energy detectors are adapted to operatively create a spatially coherent imaging configuration of at least one of,

the at least one first measured object, and

the at least one second measured object.

3. The measurement system of claim 1 wherein, each of the plurality of imaging channels,

form spatially coherent measurements of at least one of,

the at least one first measured object, and

the at least one second measured object; and

at least one of,

comprise generalized Shack-Hartmann implementations that provide both phase and amplitude measurements,

are adapted to provide at least one of,

a spatially coherent measurement of phase and amplitude, and

provide a spatially coherent measurement field of view of phase and amplitude greater than 15 degrees.

4. A measurement system comprising,

intensity coding optics comprising a plurality of imaging channels with overlapping fields of view, the intensity coding optics adapted to provide intensity coded information indicative of a position of one or more objects, wherein each of the imaging channels provides a difference in intensity verses an angular position of the one or more objects;

an electromagnetic energy detector comprising at least one pixel and adapted to,

receive the intensity coded information, wherein the at least one pixel comprises a size larger than a spatial resolution of the intensity coding optics, and

output data from the at least one pixel; and

a processing device adapted to receive the data and determine the position of the one or more objects.

5. The measurement system of claim 4 wherein, the intensity coding optics comprise multi-aperture optics.

6. The measurement system of claim 5 wherein, the multi-aperture optics comprise at least one of planar and three-dimensional optics.

7. The measurement system of claim 4 , further comprising a plurality of pixels; and wherein, a density of the one or more objects is matched to a density of the plurality of pixels.

8. An imaging system comprising,

an optical element adapted to provide intensity coded information indicative of a position of a measured object, the optical element comprising optics, a plurality of imaging channels with overlapping fields of view, each of the plurality of imaging channels providing a difference in intensity verses an angular position of the measured object, and a non-planar surface comprising a front surface, a back surface, and one or more apertures;

one or more electromagnetic energy detectors operatively coupled to the back surface, each of the one or more electromagnetic energy detectors being electronically coupled to a signal reception device;

a field opening with a detector mounting region operatively coupled to the back surface;

a mounting element coupled to the back surface, the mounting element adapted to provide spacing between the optics, the one or more electromagnetic energy detectors, and the field opening with the detector mounting region; and

an assembly comprising one or more kinematic couplings adapted to maintain tolerances between the optical element, the one or more electromagnetic energy detectors, the mounting element, and the one or more apertures.

9. The imaging system of claim 8 further comprising at least one of,

a substrate comprising electronics and one or more cooling systems and power systems; and

a volume comprising electronics for processing and communication.

10. The imaging system of claim 8 wherein,

the one or more electromagnetic energy detectors comprise substantially planar electromagnetic energy detectors; and

the one or more apertures comprise non-planar one or more apertures.