Systems and methods for exhaust gas cleaning and/or ballast water treatment

1. A process for removal of sulphur oxides from exhaust gas comprising the steps of:

(a) providing a seawater;

(b) enhancing a SO x adsorption capacity of the seawater to pre-determined levels by controlled dosing with at least one alkaline additive substances introduced from a storage of fresh alkaline additive onboard, and/or an alkaline solution produced from the cathode side of an electrochemical cell and/or their combination thereof to form an alkaline seawater with a pH ranging from 8 to 12; and

(c) contacting an exhaust gas with the alkaline seawater as a scrubbing agent, to produce an exhaust with reduced content of sulphur oxides and a used scrubbing agent;

wherein a pH of the used scrubbing agent is adjusted to a range of 6.5 to 9 by neutralization with alkaline additive substance, and/or the alkaline water from the cathode side of the electrochemical cell, and dilution with natural sea water; and

wherein the alkaline additive substance used in step (b) is chosen from an alkaline metal compound or an alkaline earth metal compound, where the compound is one of hydroxides, carbonates, bicarbonates, oxides, sulphites and silicates.

2. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the alkaline additive substance is dissolved in the seawater, or mixed as colloidal form or in slurry form in the seawater.

3. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the alkaline additive substance is produced from seawater, seawater containing sodium chloride or fresh water containing sodium chloride using an electrochemical cell.

4. A process according to claim 3 , wherein the sodium chloride supplied to the electrochemical cell is introduced from seawater, and/or sodium chloride storage onboard and/or their combination thereof.

5. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the alkaline seawater contacts the exhaust gas in a scrubber as one-through or multiple recirculation configurations.

6. A process according to claim 3 further comprising the steps of: (a) passing a ballast water containing microorganisms through a solid-liquid separation unit; (b) introducing an oxidising agent generated from the anode side of the electrochemical cell into the treated ballast water resulting from Step (a); and (c) keeping the treated ballast water from Step (b) for a pre-determined time to eliminate the microorganisms contained.

7. A process according to claim 6 , further comprising: prior to discharging the water resulting from Step (c), removing any residual oxidising agent thereof if a concentration of the residual oxidising agent exceeds 2 ppm.

8. A process according to claim 6 , wherein the oxidising agent generated from the electrochemical cell is one of chorine, chlorine dioxide and hydroxyl radical.

9. A two-step neutralization process for removal of SO x comprising the steps of:

(a) passing an exhaust gas containing SO x to an open-loop first step neutralization in a first wet scrubber to contact the SO x with a first scrubbing agent;

(b) adjusting a pH of the used first scrubbing agent with a fresh supply of processed water from an electrochemical cell;

(c) adjusting an oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of the used first scrubbing agent, after having adjusted the pH, by aeration;

(d) after the open-loop first step neutralization, passing the exhaust gas containing SO x remaining from Step (a) to a closed-loop second step neutralization in the upper part of the first wet scrubber or in a second wet scrubber to contact the SO x with a second scrubbing agent;

(e) ascertaining whether the pH of the used second scrubbing agent exceeds a predetermined pH value;

(f) circulating the used second scrubbing agent to the closed-loop second step neutralization if the pH of the used second scrubbing agent exceeds the predetermined pH value;

(g) collecting the used second scrubbing agent in a wastewater storage tank if the pH of the used second scrubbing agent is lower than the predetermined pH value; and

(h) monitoring the salinity of the first scrubbing agent in Step (a) and/or monitoring SO x concentration of the exhaust gas from Step (d) so that an additional operation of the closed-loop second step neutralization is triggered to remove a remaining SO x from the exhaust gas when the salinity of the scrubbing agent is below a first predetermined level and/or when the SO x concentration of the outlet exhaust gas exceeds the second predetermined level.

10. The process according to claim 9 , wherein the scrubbing agent used in Step (d) is an alkaline solution or processed water produced from an electrochemical cell.

11. A closed-loop process for removal of NO x comprising the steps of:

(a) passing an exhaust gas having NO x through a wet scrubber which includes a scrubbing agent having a high concentration of reducing agent for creating a low oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) condition in the wet scrubber;

(b) measuring if the used scrubbing agent is capable of creating the low ORP condition for NO 2 reduction;

(c) regenerating the used scrubbing agent in an electrochemical cell if it has insufficient low ORP for NO 2 reduction and

(d) circulating the regenerated scrubbing agent back to the wet scrubber.

12. The closed-loop process according to claim 11 , wherein the low ORP condition facilitates the reduction of NO 2 to N 2 for complete conversion of NO 2 .

13. The closed-loop process according to claim 11 , further comprising controlling the ORP condition for suppressing at least one side reaction, including oxidation of NO 2 to HNO 2 and HNO 3 .

14. A process according to claim 11 , comprising the steps of:

(a) passing an exhaust gas containing NO x to a wet scrubber which includes a scrubbing agent having a high concentration of oxidizing agent for creating a high oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) condition for converting NO to NO 2 ; and

(b) adjusting a pH of the used scrubbing agent by using processed seawater generated from an electrochemical cell before discharging the used scrubbing agent.

15. The process according to claim 14 , wherein the high ORP condition in the wet scrubber facilitates the oxidation of NO to NO 2 .