Constrained microlayer cellular material with high stiffness and damping
Composite materials with high damping and high stiffness at relatively low density. These materials include three-dimensional structures of interconnected ligaments, which have multiple concentric layers alternating between stiff constraining layers and soft damping layers, so that bulk deformation of the structure results in high local shear strain and correspondingly high bulk damping.
1. A method for forming a three-dimensional open-celled cellular structure, the method comprising:
forming a three-dimensional open-celled cellular template;
forming a second coating layer of a second substance on the three-dimensional template;
forming a first coating layer of a first substance on the second coating layer;
forming a third coating layer of a third substance on the first coating layer; and
removing the three-dimensional template,
the first substance having a shear modulus
less than one tenth the Young's modulus of the second substance, and
less than one tenth the Young's modulus of the third substance.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second substance is the same as the third substance.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the forming of the three-dimensional open-celled cellular template comprises forming a micro-truss template.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the forming of the micro-truss template comprises:
exposing a volume of a photo-monomer to collimated light through a patterned mask.
5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the forming of the micro-truss template comprises:
forming a plurality of first truss elements defined by a plurality of first self-propagating polymer waveguides and extending along a first direction;
forming a plurality of second truss elements defined by a plurality of second self-propagating polymer waveguides and extending along a second direction; and
forming a plurality of third truss elements defined by a plurality of third self-propagating polymer waveguides and extending along a third direction.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein one of the first substance, the second substance, and the third substance comprises, as a major component, a substance selected from the group consisting of:
a first sub-group consisting of magnesium, aluminum, titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and alloys thereof,
a second sub-group consisting of aluminum oxide, silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, diamond, diamond-like carbon, hafnium oxide, lanthanum oxide, titanium dioxide, titanium nitride, tungsten nitride, zinc oxide, zirconium dioxide, hafnium carbide, lanthanum carbide, tungsten carbide, zirconium carbide, tantalum carbide, and combinations thereof, and
combinations of substances selected from the first sub-group and the second sub-group.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein one of the first substance, the second substance, and the third substance comprises, as a major component, a substance selected from the group consisting of polymers, thermoplastics, elastomers, rubbers, soft metals, bitumen materials, carbon nanotube arrays, and combinations thereof.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein one of the first substance, the second substance, and the third substance comprises, as a major component, a viscoelastic polymer selected from the group consisting of elastomers, thermoplastics, silicones, urethanes, acrylics, polyisoprene, polyolefins, poly(p-xylylenes), functionalized poly(p-xylylenes), poly(oxymethylenes), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), functional poly(acrylates), methacrylates, poly(pyrrole-co-thiophene-3-acetic acids), poly(p-phenylene terephthalamides), poly(isoprene), poly(butadiene), poly(styrene-co-butadiene), poly(norbornene), poly(ethylene propylene), poly(ethylene-co-propylene-co-diene) (EPDM), polyolefins, butyl rubber, chloroprene rubber, polysulfide rubber, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, nitrile rubber (acrylonitrile-co-butadiene), hydrogenated nitrile rubber, polyvinylchloride-co-nitrile), poly(ether urethane), poly(ester urethane), epichlorohydrin copolymer, poly(epichlorohydrin) polypropylene oxide), ethylene vinyl acetate, silicone rubbers, polyphosphazenes, ethylene acrylic elastomer, poly(ethylene-co-methacrylate), and combinations thereof.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein one of the first substance, the second substance, and the third substance comprises, as a major component, a soft metal selected from the group consisting of indium, tin, lead, and alloys thereof.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the removing of the three-dimensional open-celled cellular template comprises etching out the three-dimensional open-celled cellular template.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein one of
the forming of the second coating layer,
the forming of the first coating layer, and
the forming of the third coating layer
comprises using a technique selected from the group consisting of electro-plating, electrophoretic deposition, chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, atomic layer deposition, solution deposition, sol-gel deposition, and slurry deposition.
12. The method of claim 1 , further comprising removing the first coating layer.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the forming of the second coating layer, the forming of the first coating layer, and the forming of the third coating layer comprise forming the first coating layer having a shear modulus less than one tenth the Young's modulus of each of the second coating layer and the third coating layer.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the forming of the three-dimensional open-celled cellular template comprises forming an open-cell foam template.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the forming of the three-dimensional open-celled cellular template comprises forming a honeycomb template.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the structure comprises a plurality of hollow tubes, an outer diameter of one of the plurality of hollow tubes being more than 20 times greater than a thickness of the second coating layer.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of a thickness of the first coating layer to a thickness of the second coating layer is between 0.02 and 2.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first substance has a damping coefficient for which tan(s) exceeds 0.1.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the structure includes 1000 ligaments, wherein the ratio of the total volume of the ligaments, to the total volume of the structure, is less than 0.3.
20. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
forming a fourth coating layer of a fourth substance directly on the third coating layer; and
forming a fifth coating layer of a fifth substance directly on the fourth coating layer,
wherein the fourth substance has a shear modulus less than one tenth the Young's modulus of the third substance, and less than one tenth the Young's modulus of the fifth substance.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first substance is composed of discrete particles.