Process and apparatus for converting greenhouse gases into synthetic fuels
Embodiments of the present invention are directed to apparatus and methods for converting carbon dioxide and/or methane into higher alkanes and hydrogen gas in a single reaction chamber using a catalyst and microwave radiation.
1. An apparatus for producing a product comprising at least one of the group comprising a hydrocarbon having a formula C n H z where n is a positive integer greater than 1, and z is an integer between 2n+2 and 2n, and hydrogen gas, the apparatus comprising a reaction vessel containing a catalyst, one or more sources of gaseous CH 4 connected so as to introduce gaseous CH 4 into the reaction vessel, one or more sources of gaseous CO 2 connected so as to introduce gaseous CO 2 into the reaction vessel, one or more sources of gaseous H 2 O connected so as to introduce the gaseous H 2 O into the reaction vessel, and one or more sources of microwave energy connected so as to introduce microwave energy into the reaction vessel, wherein:
the reaction vessel is structurally arranged so as to contain with the catalyst a reaction mixture of H 2 O from the one or more gaseous H 2 O sources and gaseous carbon represented by the letter W that includes CH 4 and CO 2 from the one or more gaseous CH 4 and CO 2 sources, respectively, said reaction mixture in the presence of said catalyst and thermal energy derived from microwave enemy from the one or more microwave sources undergoing at least one reaction of the form W→C n H z +yH 2 where W comprises at least n carbon-containing molecules and n is a positive integer greater than 1, z is an integer between 2n+2 and 2n, and Y is zero or a positive integer to balance the hydrogen;
said catalyst is selected from the group of iron-, cobalt-, copper- and nickel-containing compounds where at least one selected catalyst upon microwave radiation increases in temperature to produce thermal energy; and
said microwave energy source is connected so as to heat the catalyst and said reaction mixture to produce at least one hydrocarbon composition having the formula C n H z and hydrogen gas.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said catalyst is selected from the group of magnetite, pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said catalyst is held as a packed or fluidized bed.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said reaction vessel has output conduits for the removal of said hydrocarbon composition in a continuous process.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said CH 4 , CO 2 , and H 2 O sources are connected so as to place said gaseous carbon and H 2 O into the reaction vessel as the gaseous carbon and H 2 O are consumed in the reaction.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein said catalyst is a fluidized bed and held in suspension in the reaction vessel by movement of the reaction mixture.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said microwave energy source is powered by excess electrical capacity of an electric power plant.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said microwave energy source is powered by one or more non-carbon sources.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said non-carbon source is wind energy.
10. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said non-carbon source is solar energy.
11. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said non-carbon source is hydrodynamic or geothermal energy.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the one of more sources of gaseous CO 2 include a source of flue gas.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the one of more sources of gaseous H 2 O include a source of flue gas.