Use of TRPA1 antagonists to prevent or treat infections caused by biological-warfare agents

1. A method of preventing or treating an injury resulting from exposure to a biological warfare agent comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a TRPA1 antagonist or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the biological warfare agent is selected from the group consisting of Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), Burkholderia mallei (glanders), Burkholderia psuedomallei (melioidosis), Clostridium botulinum toxin (botulism), Ebola virus, Francisella tularensis (tularemia), Marburg virus, Vibrio cholera (cholera), alphaviruses, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, eastern equine encephalitis virus, western equine encephalitis virus, filoviruses, arenaviruses, Lassa virus, Machupo virus and Yersinia pestis (plague).

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the TRPA1 antagonist is selected from the group consisting of compounds of formula I

wherein,

R is hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, halo, hydroxyl, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, thiol, alkylthiol, nitro, or cyano, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two R 11 ;

R 1 and R 2 are each independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one to four R 5 ;

L is NR 6 SO 2 , SO 2 NR 6 , C(O)NR 6 , NR 6 C(O), C(S)NR 6 , NR 6 C(S), OC(O)NR 6 , NR 6 C(O)O, NR6C(O)NR 6 , S, S(o), S(O) 2 , NR 6 , CH 2 , O, C(O), C(O)NR 6 SO 2 , SO 2 NR 6 C(O), heteroarylene, or carbocyclylene;

R 3 is carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or R 3a , each of which is optionally substituted with one to four R 7 ;

R 3a is carbocyclylene, heterocyclylene, arylene, heteroarylene, each of which is substituted with one R 3b ;

R 3b is carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted with one to four R 7 ;

each R 5 is independently halo, hydroxyl, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, cyano, nitro, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, thioyl, sulfonyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

each R 6 is independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, hydroxy-C 1 -C 6 alkyl, alkoxy-C 1 -C 6 alkyl, cyanoalkyl, haloalkyl, arylalkyl, —S(O)alkyl, acyl, amino, amidyl, —S(O)H, —S(O) 2 H, —S(O) 2 OH, aryl, or alkoxyaryl;

each R 7 is independently C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 haloalkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, halo, hydroxyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, thioyl, alkylthioyl, sulfonyl, sulfonamidyl wherein the nitrogen of the sulfonamide is substituted with an alkyl, or wherein the nitrogen of the sulfonamide together with two carbons to which it is attached, forms a heterocyclyl, amido wherein the nitrogen of the amide is substituted with an alkyl, or wherein the nitrogen of the amide together with two carbons to which it is attached, forms a heterocyclyl urea, sulfonylurea, acyl, —C(O)aryl, —NHC(O)aryl, —C(O)NHaryl, —C(O)OH, —C(O)Oalkyl, nitro, or cyano, each of which is optionally substituted with one to three R 8 ;

each R 8 is independently C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, halo, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, thioyl, sulfonyl, sulfonamidyl, amido, —C(O)OH, —C(O)Oalkyl, urea, sulfonylurea, acyl, nitro, cyano, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted with one to three C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, or halo;

R 9 is independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, halo, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, thioyl, alkylthioyl, sulfonyl, sulfonamidyl, amido, urea, sulfonylurea, acyl, nitro, or cyano, each of which is optionally substituted with one to three R 8 ;

each R 11 is independently C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, halo, hydroxyl, alkoxy, oxo, aryloxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, C(O)OH, —C(O)Oalkyl, thioyl, sulfonyl, sulfonamidyl, amido, urea, sulfonylurea, acyl, nitro, cyano, cyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and

each of m and n is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6;

compounds of formula II

wherein, independently for each occurrence,

each W is O or S;

each R is hydrogen or lower alkyl;

R′ is alkyl or aryl, each optionally substituted with one to five substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, fluoroalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocyclyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, haloalkylthio, fluoroalkylthio, alkenylthio, alkynylthio, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, haloalkoxysulfonyl, fluoroalkylsulfonyl, alkenylsulfonyl, alkynylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, haloalkoxysulfonyl, fluoroalkoxysulfonyl, alkenyloxysulfonyl, alkynyloxysulfony, aminosulfonyl, sulfinic acid, alkylsulfinyl, haloalkylsulfinyl, fluoroalkylsulfinyl, alkenylsulfinyl, alkynylsulfinyl, alkoxysulfinyl, haloalkoxysulfinyl, fluoroalkoxysulfinyl, alkenyloxysulfinyl, alkynyloxysulfinyl, aminosulfinyl, formyl, alkylcarbonyl, haloalkylcarbonyl, fluoroalkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, fluoroalkoxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, haloalkylcarbonyloxy, fluoroalkylcarbonyloxy, alkenylcarbonyloxy, alkynylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, haloalkylsulfonyloxy, fluoroalkylsulfonyloxy, alkenylsulfonyloxy, alkynylsulfonyloxy, haloalkoxysulfonyloxy, fluoroalkoxysulfonyloxy, alkenyloxysulfonyloxy, alkynyloxysulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyloxy, haloalkylsulfinyloxy, fluoroalkylsulfinyloxy, alkenylsulfinyloxy, alkynylsulfinyloxy, alkoxysulfinyloxy, haloalkoxysulfinyloxy, fluoroalkoxysulfinyloxy, alkenyloxysulfinyloxy, alkynyloxysulfinyloxy, aminosulfinyloxy, amino, amido, aminosulfonyl, aminosulfinyl, cyano, nitro, azido, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, silyl, silyloxy, and any of said substituents bound to the alkyl or aryl group through an alkylene moiety;

X is O or NR″;

R″ is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, carbocyclyl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, or carbocyclylalkyl, each optionally substituted with one to five substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, fluoroalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocycloxy, heterocycloxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, haloalkylthio, fluoroalkylthio, alkenylthio, alkynylthio, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, haloalkoxysulfonyl, fluoroalkylsulfonyl, alkenylsulfonyl, alkynylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, haloalkoxysulfonyl, fluoroalkoxysulfonyl, alkenyloxysulfonyl, alkynyloxysulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, sulfinic acid, alkylsulfinyl, haloalkylsulfinyl, fluoroalkylsulfinyl, alkenylsulfinyl, alkynylsulfinyl, alkoxysulfinyl, haloalkoxysulfinyl, fluoroalkoxysulfinyl, alkenyloxysulfinyl, alkynyloxysulfinyl, aminosulfinyl, formyl, alkylcarbonyl, haloalkylcarbonyl, fluoroalkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, fluoroalkoxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, haloalkylcarbonyloxy, fluoroalkylcarbonyloxy, alkenylcarbonyloxy, alkynylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, haloalkylsulfonyloxy, fluoroalkylsulfonyloxy, alkenylsulfonyloxy, alkynylsulfonyloxy, haloalkoxysulfonyloxy, fluoroalkoxysulfonyloxy, alkenyloxysulfonyloxy, alkynyloxysulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyloxy, haloalkylsulfinyloxy, fluoroalkylsulfinyloxy, alkenylsulfinylkoxy, alkynylsulfinyloxy, alkoxysulfinyloxy, haloalkoxysulfinyloxy, fluoroalkoxysulfinyloxy, alkenyloxysulfinyloxy, alkynyloxysulfinyloxy, aminosulfinyloxy, amino, amido, aminosulfonyl, aminosulfinyl, cyano, nitro, azido, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, silyl, silyloxy, and any of said substituents bound to the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, carbocyclyl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, or carbocyclylalkyl group through an alkylene moiety; and

Ar is aryl, optionally substituted with one to five substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycl, carbocycl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, heterocycylalkyl, or carbocyclalkyl, each optionally substituted with one to five substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, fluoroalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocyclyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, haloalkylthio, fluoroalkylthio, alkenylthio, alkynylthio, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, haloalkoxysulfonyl, fluoroalkylsulfonyl, alkenylsulfonyl, alkynylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, haloalkoxysulfonyl, fluoroalkoxysulfonyl, alkenyloxysulfonyl, alkynyloxysulfony, aminosulfonyl, sulfinic acid, alkylsulfinyl, haloalkylsulfinyl, fluoroalkylsulfinyl, alkenylsulfinyl, alkynylsulfinyl, alkoxysulfinul, haloalkoxysulfinyl, fluoroalkoxysulfinyl, alkenyloxyaulfinyl, alkynyloxysulfiny, aminosulfinyl, formyl, alkylcarbonyl, haloalkylcarbonyl, fluoroalkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, fluoroalkoxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, haloalkylcarbonyloxy, fluoroalkylcarbonyloxy, alkenylcarbonyloxy, alkynylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, haloalkylsulfonyloxy, fluoroalkylsulfonyloxy, alkenylsulfonyloxy, alkynylsulfonyloxy, haloalkoxysulfonyloxy, fluoroalkoxysulfonyloxy, alkenyloxysulfonyloxy, alkynyloxysulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyloxy, haloalkylsulfinyloxy, fluoroalkylsulfinyloxy, alkenylsulfinylkoxy, alkynylsulfinyloxy, alkoxysulfinyloxy, haloalkoxysulfinyloxy, fluoroalkoxysulfinyloxy, alkenyloxysulfinyloxy, alkynyloxysulfinyloxy, aminosulfinyloxy, amino, amido, aminosulfonyl, aminosulfinyl, cyano, nitro, azido, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, silyl, silyloxy, and any of said substituents bound to the alkyl or aryl group through an alkylene moiety;

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the TRPA1 antagonist is selected from the group consisting of

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the TRPA1 antagonist is administered orally.

5. The method of claim 2 , wherein the TRPA1 antagonist is administered via intramuscular injection.

6. The method of claim 2 , wherein the TRPA1 antagonist is administered topically.

7. The method of claim 2 , wherein the TRPA1 antagonist is administered by topical ocular administration.

8. The method of claim 2 , wherein the TRPA1 antagonist is administered prior to the exposure to the biological-warfare agent.

9. The method of claim 2 , wherein the TRPA1 antagonist is administered after exposure to the biological-warfare agent.

10. The method of claim 2 , wherein the biological-warfare agent is Bacillus anthracis (anthrax).

11. The method of claim 2 , wherein the biological-warfare agent is Yersinia pestis (plague).

12. The method of claim 2 , wherein the subject is human.

13. The method of claim 2 , further comprising co-administering an antibiotic to the subject in need thereof.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the antibiotic is doxycycline.