Method of culturing algae

1. A method of manipulating the physiological state of algae cultured in a series of connected raceway ponds arranged in stages by altering one or more environmental parameters to simulate algal bloom forming conditions,

wherein the alteration of the one or more environmental parameters is timed to coincide with a specific point in the algal cell cycle and to deliberately induce synchronization of cellular division of an algal population, wherein the synchronization is maintained through each stage by alteration of the one or more environmental parameters at regular intervals to retain the physiological state of choice, until a harvesting stage is reached

and wherein the alteration of the one or more environmental parameters comprises successively diluting the algae at timed intervals in a controlled manner before or during transfer between stages to maintain a cell density of algae between 1,000 cells/ml and 2,000,000 cells/ml, wherein the dilution is timed to coincide with a particular point in the algal cell cycle and to deliberately induce synchronization of cell division, and wherein the algae remains in exponential growth through each stage.

2. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more environmental parameters are additionally selected from the group consisting of:

light intensity;

light wavelength ratio;

nutrient concentration;

nutrient balance;

water temperature;

algal cell density;

concentration of dissolved gasses;

pH and/or

ratio of dissolved gasses.

3. A method according to claim 2 , wherein the nutrient balance is the ratio of carbon to nitrogen in the cells.

4. A method according to claim 2 , wherein the dissolved gasses are oxygen (O 2 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ).

5. A method according to claim 2 , wherein the nutrient concentration, nutrient balance, water temperature, algal cell density, concentration of dissolved gasses and/or ratio of dissolved gasses is altered by the addition of fresh seawater, hypersaline water, desalination brine, brackish water, wastewater or freshwater to the raceway pond.

6. A method according to claim 2 , wherein the concentration of dissolved gasses and/or ratio of dissolved gasses is altered by altering the flow rate and/or creating turbulent flow in the raceway ponds.

7. A method according to claim 6 , wherein the width and/or depth of an open raceway pond is non-uniform, resulting in a change in the flow rate and/or the creation of turbulent flow through the raceway pond.

8. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the algae are cultured in seawater, hypersaline water, desalination brine, brackish water, wastewater or freshwater.

9. A method according to claim 1 , wherein a light intensity and/or light wavelength ratio is altered by changing the depth of water in the raceway ponds.

10. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the raceway pond is lined, and a light intensity and/or light wavelength ratio is altered by changing the colour of the lining of the raceway pond.

11. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the raceway pond is covered and a light intensity and/or light wavelength ratio is altered by changing the colour and/or opacity of the cover of a covered raceway pond.

12. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the depth of an open raceway pond is non-uniform, resulting in a change in light intensity and/or light wavelength ratio and/or a change in the concentration of dissolved gasses and/or ratio of dissolved gasses and/or algal cell density within the raceway pond.

13. A method according to claim 12 , wherein the alteration in the depth of the raceway pond is timed to coincide with a specific point in the algal cell cycle.

14. A method according to claim 1 , comprising culturing algae in a series of connected raceway ponds arranged in stages, said series of connected raceway ponds comprising

firstly, one or more stages of covered raceway ponds; and

secondly, one or more stages of open raceway ponds;

wherein at each successive stage in the series, the raceway ponds have a collective volume greater than the collective volume of the raceway ponds of the preceding stage; and

wherein the raceway ponds in each successive stage of the series are seeded by transferring algae grown in the raceway ponds of the preceding stage of the series such that the algae are diluted when transferred between stages in the series.

15. A method according to claim 14 , wherein the series of covered raceway ponds comprises 2 to 10 stages of covered raceway ponds.

16. A method according to claim 14 , wherein the series of open raceway ponds comprises 2 to 10 stages of open raceway ponds.

17. A method according to claim 14 , wherein the number of raceway ponds at each stage in the series of covered raceway ponds and/or open raceway ponds is at least double the number of raceway ponds at the preceding stage in the series.

18. A method according to claim 14 , wherein the cell density of algae in each covered raceway pond is between 150,000 cells/ml and 100,000 cells/ml.

19. A method according to claim 14 , wherein the entire volume of water in each open raceway pond is replaced every 4 hours to 8 days.

20. A method according to claim 14 , wherein the first covered raceway pond is seeded with algae grown in a photobioreactor or a seed raceway pond.

21. A method according to claim 20 , wherein said covered raceway pond is seeded with algae between the hours of dusk on a first day and dawn the following day.

22. A method according to claim 14 , further comprising the step of harvesting the algae.

23. A method according to claim 22 , wherein the algae are aggregated and harvested in batches.

24. A method according to claim 23 , wherein the algae are aggregated by:

(i) the addition of flocculants and/or coagulants; and/or

(ii) the addition of supplemental algae to encourage aggregation; and/or

(iii) the addition of predatory organisms.

25. A method according to claim 22 , wherein prior to harvesting the algae, the growth rate of the algae is reduced by:

(i) increasing the depth of an open raceway pond; and/or

(ii) introducing the algae into an open raceway pond with a green lining; and/or

(iii) reducing the flow rate of the algae by reducing the speed of the paddlewheel; and/or

(iv) starving the algae of nutrients.

26. The method according to claim 1 , wherein two or more environmental parameters are altered to simulate algal bloom forming conditions.

27. A method according to claim 1 , wherein successively diluting the algae maintains a cell density of algae between 50,000 cells/ml and 2,000,000 cells/ml.

28. A method according to claim 27 , wherein successively diluting the algae maintains a cell density of algae of about 350,000 cells/mL.

29. A method of manipulating the physiological state of algae cultured in a series of connected raceway ponds arranged in stages by dynamically altering one or more environmental parameters to simulate algal bloom forming conditions,

wherein the alteration of the one or more environmental parameters is timed to deliberately induce synchronization of cellular division of an algal population and the synchronization is maintained through each stage by alteration of the one or more environmental parameters at regular intervals to retain the physiological state of choice until a harvesting stage is reached,

wherein the alteration of the one or more environmental parameters comprises successively diluting algae at timed intervals in a controlled manner before or during transfer between stages to maintain a cell density of algae between 1,000 cells/ml and 2,000,000 cells/ml, wherein the dilution is deliberately timed to induce synchonization of cellular division, wherein the algae remain in an exponential growth phase through each stage,

and wherein the alteration of the one or more environmental parameters further comprises alteration of one or more environmental parameter are selected from the group consisting of:

light intensity;

light wavelength ratio;

nutrient concentration;

nutrient balance;

water temperature;

algal cell density;

concentration of dissolved gasses; and/or

ratio of dissolved gasses.

30. A method according to claim 29 , wherein successively diluting the algae maintains a cell density between 50,000 cells/mL and 2,000,000 cells/mL.

31. A method according to claim 29 , wherein successively diluting the algae maintains a cell density between 50,000 cells/mL and 100,000 cells/mL.

32. A method according to claim 29 , wherein successively diluting the algae maintains a cell density of algae of about 350,000 cells/mL.