Method for detecting atmospheric vapors at parts per quadrillion (PPQ) concentrations
Improvements are provided in the detection of atmospheric vapors by ionizing them near ambient pressure, and analyzing them as ions. Lowest detection limits of parts per quadrillion (ppq) concentrations are enabled by a combination of improvements, including the use of a filter to remove occasional intense signal from explosive particles. Several sources of chemical background are identified and solutions for their reduction or elimination are presented. Gains in response time may be achieved by operating at elevated temperature. When the ionizer is an electrospray source, the use of high boiling point solvents is indicated. An increased selectivity is achieved by operating a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) in series with a mass spectrometer. However, ppq sensitivities require various improvements in the DMA system including a special coupling to the ionizer, controlling the temperature in the DMA pump circuit, avoidance of induction on the DMA electrodes from heating devices, etc.
1. A method to detect the presence of substances based primarily on the vapors they release to a surrounding gas, involving:
a) sampling said gas to which said vapors have been released and passing it through a prefiltering stage including means configured for removing particles larger than 25 μm carried by said gas,
b) passing said prefiltered gas into a vapor capture stage including a collection chamber containing a vapor collector, such that a fraction of said vapors are captured into said vapor collector, said vapors not captured into said vapor collector being residual vapors,
c) where said vapor capture stage includes at least one contamination prevention means, such that said residual vapors having circulated through said collection chamber during one vapor capture event are not released to the vapor collector during a subsequent vapor capture event into said gas, and therefore are not captured by the vapor collector during said subsequent vapor capture event, and
d) a desorption-ionization and analysis stage where said vapors captured into said vapor collector are thermally released into a flow of clean gas and passed through an ionization chamber where a fraction of said thermally released vapors are turned into ions, and said ions are finally analyzed and detected in an analytical instrument.
2. The method of claim 1 where said at least one contamination prevention means includes:
a) said collection chamber is disposed of after use;
b) said gas is sampled into said collection chamber via a source of negative pressure, said source of negative pressure drawing said residual vapors from said collection chamber, and a no-return valve is introduced between said source of negative pressure and said collection chamber, so as to avoid backflow of said residual vapors into said collection chamber; and
c) a sample gas outlet flow of said source of negative pressure is released to the atmosphere at a place remote from the location where said sampling of said gas takes place, so as to moderate contamination of the surroundings of said collection chamber.
3. The method of claim 1 where said vapors thermally released onto said flow of clean gas are cleanly disposed of following said ionization and said analysis, such as to avoid contamination of either said analytical instrument or a room or cabin housing it.
4. The method of claim 1 where said analytical instrument includes a mass spectrometer.
5. The method of claim 4 including a differential mobility analyzer.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the means for removing particles larger than 25 μm carried by said gas includes a prefilter.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the means for removing particles larger than 25 μm carried by said gas includes an impactor.
8. A method to detect the presence of substances based primarily on the vapors they release to a surrounding gas, involving:
a) sampling said gas to which said vapors have been released and passing it through a prefiltering stage including means configured for removing particles larger than 25 μm carried by said gas,
b) passing said prefiltered gas into a vapor capture stage including a collection chamber containing a vapor collector, such that a fraction of said vapors are captured into said vapor collector,
c) where said vapor capture stage includes at least one contamination prevention means, such that residual vapors having circulated through said collection chamber during one vapor capture event are not released to the vapor collector during a subsequent vapor capture event into said gas, and therefore are not captured by the vapor collector during said subsequent vapor capture event, and
d) a desorption-ionization and analysis stage where said vapors captured into said vapor collector are thermally released into a flow of clean gas and passed through an ionization chamber where a fraction of said vapors are turned into ions, and said ions are finally analyzed and detected in an analytical instrument,
where said vapors are ionized by bringing said vapors into close contact with an electrospray cloud, and where an electrified liquid meniscus producing said cloud is kept at a temperature greater than 100° C., such that said gas can be simultaneously maintained at a temperature greater than 100° C. and kept in direct contact with said meniscus.
9. The method of claim 8 where said liquid meniscus includes liquids with dielectric constants in excess of 10 and ambient pressure boiling points higher than 110° C.
10. The method of claim 9 where said liquids include one of the following:
N-Methyl 2-Pyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, Dimethyl sulfoxide, alcohols containing more than four carbon atoms, Formamide, Propylene carbonate, Tributyl phosphate, Sulfolane, or are more generally selected from the group consisting of amides, alcohols, glycols, esters, ketones, organic carbonates, organic phosphates, and mixtures of one or more of the foregoing.
11. The method of claim 9 where said analytical instrument includes a DMA whose recirculating gas is kept at a temperature higher than 70° C.