Vitrified chemically bonded phosphate ceramics for immobilization of radioisotopes
A method of immobilizing a radioisotope and vitrified chemically bonded phosphate ceramic (CBPC) articles formed by the method are described. The method comprises combining a radioisotope-containing material, MgO, a source of phosphate, and optionally, a reducing agent, in water at a temperature of less than 100° C. to form a slurry; curing the slurry to form a solid intermediate CBPC article comprising the radioisotope therefrom; comminuting the intermediate CBPC article, mixing the comminuted material with glass frits, and heating the mixture at a temperature in the range of about 900 to about 1500° C. to form a vitrified CBPC article comprising the radioisotope immobilized therein.
1. A method of immobilizing a radioisotope comprising the steps of:
(a) combining a radioisotope-containing material, MgO, a source of phosphate, and optionally, a reducing agent, in water at a temperature of less than 100° C. to form a slurry;
(b) curing the slurry to form an intermediate chemically bonded phosphate ceramic (CBPC) article comprising the waste material therefrom;
(c) comminuting the intermediate ceramic into fine particles;
(d) mixing the fine particles of CBPC with borosilicate glass frits; and
(e) heating the mixture resulting from step (d) at a temperature in the range of about 900 to about 1500° C. to form a vitrified CBPC article comprising the radioisotope immobilized therein.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the radioisotope-containing material comprises at least one radioisotope selected from the group consisting of a radioisotope of Cs, Sr, and I.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the radioisotope-containing material comprises a radioisotope of Tc and the slurry comprises a reducing agent for reducing Tc(VII) to Tc(IV).
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the reducing agent comprises Sn(II).
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the radioisotope-containing material comprises a solid material, a liquid material, or a combination thereof.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the radioisotope-containing material comprises a radioactive waste sludge.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of heating is performed at a temperature in the range of about 1100 to about 1300° C.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the source of phosphate comprises KH 2 PO 4 .
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the slurry is prepared with a molar ratio of MgO-to-KH 2 PO 4 -to-water of about 1:1:5.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the slurry further comprises one or more additional an oxide or salt of an element selected from the group consisting of an alkaline earth metal, a transition metal, a main group metal, a lanthanide, an actinide, and a metalloid.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the slurry further comprises one or more extenders selected from fly ash, wollastonite, and silica sand.