Positive active material for rechargeable lithium battery, and positive electrode and rechargeable lithium battery including the same
A positive active material for a rechargeable lithium battery includes a porous material including primary particles, and secondary particles including aggregates of a plurality of the primary particles. The porous material has a tap density of 0.3 to less than 1.0 g/cc. A positive electrode includes the positive active material. A rechargeable lithium battery includes the positive electrode including the positive active material.
1. A positive active material for a rechargeable lithium battery, the positive active material comprising a porous material comprising:
primary particles; and
secondary particles comprising aggregates of a plurality of the primary particles,
the porous material having a tap density of 0.3 to less than 1.0 g/cc and a true density of 4.5 g/cc or greater.
2. The positive active material of claim 1 , wherein the primary particles have an average particle diameter (D 50 ) of 50 to 300 nm.
3. The positive active material of claim 1 , wherein the secondary particles have an average particle diameter (D 50 ) of 2 to 7 μm.
4. The positive active material of claim 1 , wherein the primary particles and the secondary particles each comprise a compound selected from lithium manganese oxides, doped lithium manganese oxides, lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxides, doped lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxides, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxides, and doped lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxides.
5. The positive active material of claim 1 , wherein the primary particles and the secondary particles each comprise a compound represented by one of Chemical Formulae 1 to 3:
LiMn 2-x M 1 x O 4 [Chemical Formula 1]
wherein M 1 is Mg, Na, Ca, Sr, Ti, Al, Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, Si, Sn, or a combination thereof, and 0≦x<2,
LiNi a Co b Mn c M 2 d O 4 [Chemical Formula 2]
wherein M 2 is Mg, Na, Ca, Sr, Ti, Al, Fe, Cu, Si, Sn, or a combination thereof, 0<a<1, 0<b<1, 0<c<1, 0≦d<1, and a+b+c+d=1, and
LiNi e Co f Al g M 3 h O 4 [Chemical Formula 3]
wherein M 3 is Mg, Na, Ca, Sr, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Si, Sn, or a combination thereof, 0<e<1, 0<f<1, 0<g<1, 0≦h<1, and e+f+g+h=1.
6. The positive active material of claim 1 , wherein the positive active material further comprises activated carbon.
7. The positive active material of claim 6 , wherein the activated carbon is present in the positive active material in an amount of 2 to 10 wt %, based on a total amount of the positive active material.
8. A positive electrode for a rechargeable lithium battery, the positive electrode comprising the positive active material of claim 1 .
9. The positive electrode of claim 8 , wherein the positive electrode has an active mass density of 1.5 to 3.0 g/cc.
10. A rechargeable lithium battery, the rechargeable lithium battery comprising:
a positive electrode comprising the positive active material of claim 1 ;
a negative electrode comprising a negative active material; and
a separator between the negative electrode and the positive electrode.
11. The rechargeable lithium battery of claim 10 , wherein the negative active material comprises amorphous carbon.
12. The rechargeable lithium battery of claim 10 , wherein the separator comprises cellulose.
13. A method for preparing a positive active material for a rechargeable lithium battery, the method comprising:
mixing a metal raw material and an alkaline material to prepare a mixed solution;
obtaining composite alkaline particles from the mixed solution;
mixing the composite alkaline particles and a lithium raw material to prepare a mixture; and
heat treating the mixture to prepare a porous material comprising primary and secondary particles, the porous material having a tap density of 0.3 to 1.0 g/cc and a true density of 4.5 g/cc or greater, and the tap density of the porous material being less than or equal to ¼ of the true density of the porous material.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the heat treating comprises heating at a temperature of 600 to 1000° C.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the metal raw material is a metal-containing acetate, a metal-containing nitrate, a metal-containing hydroxide, a metal-containing oxide, a metal-containing sulfate, or a combination thereof.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein the lithium raw material is a lithium carbonate, a lithium acetate, a lithium hydroxide, or a combination thereof.
17. The method of claim 13 , wherein the alkaline material is ammonium hydroxide (NH 4 OH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), or a combination thereof.
18. The method of claim 13 , wherein the ratio of composite alkaline particles and lithium raw material is 1:1.01 to 1:1.10.
19. The positive active material of claim 1 , wherein the tap density of the porous material is less than or equal to ¼ of a true density of the porous material.