Gas magnetometer
Measurement of a precessional rate of a gas, such as an alkali gas, in a magnetic field is made by promoting a non-uniform precession of the gas in which substantially no net magnetic field affects the gas during a majority of the precession cycle. This allows sensitive gases that would be subject to spin-exchange collision de-phasing to be effectively used for extremely sensitive measurements in the presence of an environmental magnetic field such as the Earth's magnetic field.
1. A magnetometer comprising:
a chamber holding a gas exposable to an external magnetic field other than that generated locally by the magnetometer and directed along a z-axis;
an electromagnet positioned to apply a local magnetic field to the chamber;
a signal source communicating with the electromagnet and generating a field signal adapted to drive the electromagnet to produce a local magnetic field causing a non-uniform precession of a magnetic moment of the gas limiting a portion of each cycle of the field signal during which substantial precession occurs; and
a detector measuring a frequency of the non-uniform precession of the magnetic moment to provide an output indicating a strength of the external magnetic field.
2. The magnetometer of claim 1 wherein the signal is adapted to limit the portion of each cycle of the field signal during which substantial precession occurs to less than 50% of the cycle.
3. The magnetometer of claim 2 wherein the signal is adapted to limit the portion of each cycle of the field signal during which substantial precession occurs to less than 10% of the cycle.
4. The magnetometer of claim 1 further including:
a precession monitor providing a moment signal indicating orientation of a magnetic moment of the gas in the chamber; and
a feedback control system receiving the moment signal to control the signal from the signal source to complete substantially an integer multiple of 360 degrees of precession of the gas during the portion of each precession cycle during which substantial precession occurs.
5. The magnetometer claim 4 wherein the feedback control system monitors a phase of the moment signal to control the field signal.
6. The magnetometer of claim 1 wherein the field signal has an average signal value of substantially zero.
7. The magnetometer of claim 6 further including a laser modulating the polarity of the magnetic moment of the gas at a laser modulation frequency and wherein the detector provide an output indicating a strength of the external magnetic field as a function of the frequency of the field signal and of the laser modulation frequency.
8. The magnetometer of claim 1 wherein the gas is an alkali gas.
9. The magnetometer of claim 1 wherein the gas is metastable Helium.
10. A magnetometer comprising:
a chamber holding a gas exposable to an external magnetic field other than that generated by the gas and directed along a z-axis;
an electromagnet positioned to apply a local magnetic field to the chamber;
a signal source providing a field signal to the electromagnet having substantially a zero average value and adapted to substantially cancel to a value of zero a total external magnetic field experienced by the gas during at least one half a cycle of the field signal; and
a detector monitoring at least one of a phase and frequency of the precession of the magnetic moments of the gas to control the field signal and to output an indication of a strength of the external magnetic field.
11. The magnetometer of claim 10 wherein the signal is adapted to substantially cancel to a value of zero the magnetic field during at least 90 percent of the cycle of a field signal.
12. The magnetometer of claim 10 wherein the gas is an alkali gas.
13. The magnetometer of claim 10 wherein the gas is selected from the group consisting of rubidium and metastable Helium.
14. The magnetometer of claim 10 further including:
a precession monitor providing a moment signal indicating orientation of a magnetic moment of the gas in the chamber; and
a feedback control system receiving the moment signal to control the field, signal from the signal source to produce substantially an integer multiple of 360 degrees of precession during a portion of the field signal when the total external magnetic field experienced by the gas is not substantially zero.
15. The magnetometer claim 14 wherein the feedback control system monitors a phase of the moment signal to control the field signal.
16. The magnetometer of claim 10 wherein the field signal has an average signal value of substantially zero.
17. The magnetometer of claim 16 further including a laser modulator controlling polarization of the magnetic moments of the gas at a laser modulation frequency and the detector provides an output indicating a strength of an external AC magnetic field oscillating at the laser modulation frequency.
18. A method of measuring magnetic fields comprising the steps of:
(a) exposing a gas to a magnetic field external to that generated by the gas and directed along a z-axis;
(b) applying a local magnetic field to produce a non-uniform precession of a magnetic moment of the gas about the z-axis while limiting a portion of each precession cycle during which substantial precession occurs; and
(c) monitoring the non-uniform precession of the magnetic moment to provide an output indicating a strength of the external magnetic field.
19. A method of measuring an oscillating magnetic field comprising the steps of
(a) exposing a gas having a gyromagnetic constant of γ to a static local magnetic field B 0 ;
(b) exposing the gas to a magnetic field B 1 varying at a frequency f 1 ;
(c) modulating a laser to polarize the has at a frequency f 2 =B 0 γ−f 1 ; and
(d) detecting a precession frequency indicating a presence of a weak AC magnetic field at or near a frequency f 2 .