Methods of synthesizing alpha acids and substantially enantiomerically pure compositions thereof
Methods of synthesizing a cis 3,4-dihydroxy-2-(3-methylbutanoyl)-5-(3-methylbutyl)-4-(4-methylpentanoyl)cyclopent-2-en-1-one (“KDT500”) derivative are provided. Such methods may be used to synthesize any desired KDT derivative. In one embodiment, the KDT500 derivative is KDT501.
1. A method of synthesizing a cis 3,4-dihydroxy-2-(3-methylbutanoyl)-5-(3-methylbutyl)-4-(4-methylpentanoyl)cyclopent-2-en-1-one (“KDT500”) derivative comprising:
a) acylating a starting material comprising phloroglucinol (1) in the presence of a Friedel Crafts catalyst to produce a product A comprising an acylphloroglucinol;
b) prenylating the product A in the presence of a strong aqueous base to produce a mixture of beta acids;
c) performing an acidic hydrogenation on the mixture of beta-acids to produce tetrahydrodeoxyhumulone (7) and reacting the tetrahydrodeoxyhumulone (7) with strong an oxidation condition to produce a product B comprising tetrahydrohumulone (8);
d) performing an isomerization of the product B comprising tetrahydrohumulone (8) to produce one or more diastereomers of tetrahydroisohumulone (9) comprising trans 3,4-dihydroxy-2-(3-methylbutanoyl)-5-(3-methylbutyl)-4-(4-methylpentanoyl)cyclopent-2-en-1-one;
e) performing a thermal epimerization of trans 3,4-dihydroxy-2-(3methylbutanoyl)-5-(3-methylbutyl)-4-(4-methylpentanoyl)cyclopent-2-en-1-one in the presence of an alkaline earth metal; and
f purifying the KDT500 and trans 3,4-dihydroxy-2-(3-methylbutanoyl)-5-(3-methylbutyl)-4-(4-methylpentanoyl)cyclopent-2-en-1-one respectively from step (e) by one or more of a salt crystallization, counter-current chromatography (CCC) purification, and chiral chromatography.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein KDT500 derivative is a potassium salt of KDT500.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the strong aqueous base of step (b) comprises potassium hydroxide.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixture of beta-acids comprises one or more beta-acids including (3), deoxyhumulone (4), lupulone (5), and (6).
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein prenylating the product A comprises over-prenylating by the addition of excess 1-bromo-3-methylbut-2-ene.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the amount of beta-acid (3) in the mixture of beta-acids is limited.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the strong oxidation condition comprises concentrated sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the isomerization of step (d) is thermal isomerization catalyzed by alkali earth metals.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the isomerization of step (d) is photo isomerization and the one or more diastereomers of tetrahydroisohumulone (9) are trans diastereomers.
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising performing an epimerization of the trans diastereomers of tetrahydroisohumulone (9) using one or more weak sterically non-hindered bases to produce cis and trans diastereomers of tetrahydroisohumulone (9).
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the one or more weak sterically non-hindered bases are selected from the group consisting of DMAP, DABCO, imidazole, isoquinoline, 4-picoline, pyridine, substituted pyridines, NMM, sodium acetate, and tetralkylammonium acetates.
12. A method of synthesizing a cis 3,4-dihydroxy-2-(3-methylbutanoyl)-5-(3-methylbutyl)-4-(4-methylpentanoyl)cyclopent-2-en-1-one (“KDT500”) derivative comprising:
a) performing an isomerization on a starting material comprising an alpha-acid derived from a hops CO 2 extract to produce a mixture of cis and trans diastereomers of isohumulone (12);
b) isolating the cis diastereomers from the mixture of cis and trans diastereomers of isohumulone (12) by precipitating the trans diastereomers of isohumulone (12);
c) performing a hydrogenation on the cis diastereomers of isohumulone (12) to produce a mixture of cis and trans diastereomers of tetrahydroisohumulone (9); and
d) purifying KDT500 from the mixture of diastereomers of tetrahydroisohumulone (9) by one or more of a salt crystallization, counter-current chromatography (CCC) purification, and chiral chromatography; and
e) performing a thermal epimerization of trans 3,4-dihydroxy-2-(3-methylbutanoyl)-5-(3-methylbutyl)-4-(4-methylpentanoyl)cyclopent-2-en-1-one in the presence of an alkaline earth metal.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein KDT500 derivative is a potassium salt of KDT500.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the alpha-acid derived from a hops CO 2 extract is (−)-humulone (11).
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the isomerization is an alkaline thermal isomerization catalyzed by alkali earth metals.
16. The method of claim 12 , wherein precipitating trans diastereomers of isohumulone is performed via a β-cyclodextrin complexation.
17. The method of claim 12 , wherein the hydrogenation is performed in the presence of gaseous hydrogen (H 2 ) and palladium on carbon (Pd/C).
18. The method of claim 12 , further comprising performing an epimerization of the trans diastereomers of tetrahydroisohumulone (9) using one or more weak sterically non-hindered bases to produce cis and trans diastereomers of tetrahydroisohumulone (9).
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the one or more weak sterically non-hindered bases are selected from the group consisting of DMAP, DABCO, imidazole, isoquinoline, 4-picoline, pyridine, substituted pyridines, NMM, sodium acetate, and tetralkylammonium acetates.
20. A method of synthesizing a cis 3,4-dihydroxy-2-(3-methylbutanoyl)-5-(3-methylbutyl)-4-(4-methylpentanoyl)cyclopent-2-en-1-one (“KDT500”) derivative comprising:
a) performing a photoisomerization on a starting material comprising an alpha-acid derived from a hops CO 2 extract to produce one or more cis diastereomers of isohumulone (12);
b) performing a hydrogenation of the one or more cis diastereomers of isohumulone (12) to produce a mixture of cis and trans diastereomers of tetrahydroisohumulone (9);
c) purifying KDT500 from the mixture of diastereomers of tetrahydroisohumulone (9) by one or more of a salt crystallization, CCC purification, and chiral chromatography; and
d) performing a thermal epimerization of trans 3,4-dihydroxy-2-(3-methylbutanoyl)-5-(3-methylbutyl)-4-(4-methylpentanoyl)cyclopent-2-en-1-one in the presence of an alkaline earth metal.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the KDT500 derivative is a potassium salt of KDT500.
22. The method of claim 20 , wherein the KDT500 derivative is a potassium salt of KDT500.
23. The method of claim 20 , wherein the alpha-acid derived from a hops CO 2 extract is (−)-humulone (11).
24. The method of claim 20 , wherein the hydrogenation is performed in the presence of gaseous hydrogen (H 2 ) and palladium on carbon (Pd/C).
25. The method of claim 12 , further comprising performing an epimerization of the trans diastereomers of tetrahydroisohumulone (9) using one or more weak sterically non-hindered bases to produce cis and trans diastereomers of tetrahydroisohumulone (9).
26. The method of claim 25 , wherein the one or more weak sterically non-hindered bases are selected from the group consisting of DMAP, DABCO, imidazole, isoquinoline, 4-picoline, pyridine, substituted pyridines, NMM, sodium acetate, and tetralkylammonium acetates.
27. A method of preparing a cis 3,4-dihydroxy-2-(3-methylbutanoyl)-5-(3-methylbutyl)-4-(4-methylpentanoyl)cyclopent-2-en-1-one (“KDT500”) derivative comprising performing a thermal epimerization of trans 3,4-dihydroxy-2-(3-methylbutanoyl)-5-(3-methylbutyl)-4-(4-methylpentanoyl)cyclopent-2-en-1-one in the presence of an alkaline earth metal.