Passive radio frequency signal handler
A multi-stage signal handling circuit. Operating as a combiner or splitter, first stage transformers match low input impedance at a first set of differential terminals, and second stage transformers match expected higher impedance at second terminal(s). Transformer windings are mirror image, vertically aligned, meandering conductive tracks disposed on opposite sides of a PCB. Air columns above or below the conductive tracks reduce ground plane effects. A capacitor provided across the differential input terminals of each transformer is chosen to further match the power amplifier output, including consideration of inherent inductance presented by the circuit tracks and vias between transformer sections.
1. A signal handling apparatus comprising:
a first stage including one or more impedance transformers of a first type, for receiving one or more differential input signals from a signal source, matching an input impedance of the apparatus to an output impedance of the signal source, and combining the one or more differential input signals as first stage differential outputs;
a second stage including one or more impedance transformers of a second type, for receiving the first stage differential outputs, combining the first stage differential outputs as a second stage output, and matching an impedance of the second stage output to an output device; and
wherein the impedance transformers of the first and second stage are each implemented using meandering line conductive traces disposed on a substrate,
wherein the impedance transformers of the second type are implemented as mirror image, vertically aligned, conductive traces disposed on opposite sides of a first substrate.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the impedance transformers of the first type are implemented as mirror image, vertically aligned, conductive traces disposed on opposite sides of the substrate.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the impedance transformers of the first type are partially implemented on one of the sides of the first substrate, and partially implemented on one of the sides of a second substrate.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein each impedance transformer comprises two or more transformer sections, each of the sections associated with one of the differential inputs, and with each of the sections including a pair of meandering lines.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein each of the transformer sections includes a capacitor disposed across the differential inputs.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the one or more impedance transformers of the first type comprises at least two impedance transformers of the first type.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein each of the at least two impedance transformers of the first type includes windings implemented as minor image, meandering line, conductive traces on opposite sides of the substrate.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the signal source comprises a power amplifier integrated circuit.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the power amplifier integrated circuit comprises eight power amplifiers.
10. A signal handling apparatus comprising:
a first stage including one or more impedance transformers of a first type, for receiving one or more differential input signals from a signal source, matching an input impedance of the apparatus to an output impedance of the signal source, and combining the one or more differential input signals as first stage differential outputs;
a second stage including one or more impedance transformers of a second type, for receiving the first stage differential outputs, combining the first stage differential outputs as a second stage output, and matching an impedance of the second stage output to an output device; and
wherein the impedance transformers of the first and second stage are each implemented using meandering line conductive traces disposed on a substrate,
wherein the substrate is a FaradFlex material or any other ultra-thin material.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the one or more impedance transformers of the first type comprises at least two impedance transformers of the first type.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein each of the at least two impedance transformers of the first type includes windings implemented as minor image, meandering line, conductive traces on opposite sides of the substrate.
13. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the signal source comprises a power amplifier integrated circuit.
14. A signal handling apparatus comprising:
a first stage including one or more impedance transformers of a first type, for receiving one or more differential input signals from a signal source, matching an input impedance of the apparatus to an output impedance of the signal source, and combining the one or more differential input signals as first stage differential outputs;
a second stage including one or more impedance transformers of a second type, for receiving the first stage differential outputs, combining the first stage differential outputs as a second stage output, and matching an impedance of the second stage output to an output device,
wherein the impedance transformers of the first and second stage are each implemented using meandering line conductive traces disposed on a substrate;
a spacer disposed adjacent the substrate;
and a second substrate, disposed on an opposite side of the spacer; and
the spacer further defining one or more air columns located over or under the meandering lines.
15. The apparatus of claim 14 additionally comprising:
a power amplifier integrated circuit, disposed on the second substrate, providing the differential input signals.
16. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the one or more impedance transformers of the first type comprises at least two impedance transformers of the first type.
17. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein each of the at least two impedance transformers of the first type includes windings implemented as minor image, meandering line, conductive traces on opposite sides of the substrate.
18. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the signal source comprises a power amplifier integrated circuit.
19. A signal handling apparatus comprising:
a first group of impedance transformers of a first type, for coupling between a plurality of first differential signal ports and a first pair of differential internal nodes, and for matching an impedance of the differential signal ports to an impedance of the differential internal nodes;
a second group of one or more impedance transformers of a second type, for coupling between the differential internal nodes and a second signal port, and for matching an impedance of the differential internal nodes to the second port; and
wherein the impedance transformers of the first and second groups are each implemented using meandering line conductive traces disposed on a substrate,
wherein the apparatus is arranged as a signal splitter such that the second signal port is a splitter input port, and the first plurality of signal ports are differential splitter output ports.
20. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein the impedance transformers of the first and second type are each implemented using a plurality of mirror image, vertically aligned, inductive conductive traces disposed on opposite sides of the substrate.