Functionally coated non-oxidized particles and methods for making the same
Air-stable coated particles which include an oxidizable core having an organic ligand coating substantially encompassing the oxidizable core, are disclosed and described. The coated particles can also be substantially free of an oxide layer, especially oxide layers around the oxidizable core. As such, the organic ligand coating acts as a protective or passivating coating. The air-stable coated particles can be formed via a particle size-reduction process. An oxidizable particulate can be crushed and contacted with an organic ligand. The process conditions are maintained such that an oxide layer is preempted from forming on the oxidizable core. Such materials can be effective as high energy density additives for various fuels, pyrotechnic, ionic liquids, and rocket propellant applications and for biomedical applications.
1. An air-stable coated particle, comprising an oxidizable core having an organic ligand coating substantially encompassing the oxidizable core, said oxidizable core consist essentially of boron, and said coated particle being substantially free of an oxide of the oxidizable core, and said organic ligand coating is selected from the group consisting of oleic acid, stearic acid, maleic acid, sodium dodecyl sulfate, tri-octyl phosphate, organic amines, organic nitriles, organic isonitriles, organic fatty acids, linoleic acid, behenic acid, organic alkyl amines, organic alcohols, organic fluorocarbons, organic amides, organic sulfonates, ionic liquids, and combinations thereof.
2. The coated particle of claim 1 , wherein the organic ligand coating is non-polar.
3. The coated particle of claim 1 , wherein the organic ligand is oleic acid.
4. The coated particle of claim 1 , wherein the organic ligand is a fluorinated ligand.
5. The coated particle of claim 1 , wherein the organic ligand coating is polar.
6. The coated particle of claim 1 , wherein the organic ligand is covalently attached to the oxidizable core.
7. The coated particle of claim 1 , wherein the coated particles are soluble in binders of rocket propellants.
8. The coated particle of claim 1 , further comprising at least one discrete combustion catalyst island on the oxidizable core between the organic ligand and the oxidizable core.
9. The coated particle of claim 8 , wherein the combustion catalyst is selected from the group consisting of cerium oxide, palladium oxide, tin oxide, manganese oxide, yttrium oxide, iron oxide, cobalt oxide, palladium, platinum, nickel, and composites, intermetallics, alloys thereof, and combinations thereof.
10. The coated particle of claim 1 , wherein the coated particle is a nanoparticle.
11. An enhanced fuel comprising a fuel having the coated particles of claim 1 dispersed therein.
12. The enhanced fuel of claim 1 , wherein the fuel is jet fuel or a solid propellant.
13. The coated particle of claim 1 , wherein the organic ligand coating is attached to a surface of the oxidizable core.