Method for the preparation of Li
The invention relates to a lithium vanadium oxide which corresponds to the formula Li 1+α V 3 O 8 (0.1≦α≦0.25). It is composed of agglomerates of small needles having a length l from 400 to 1000 nm, a width w such that 10<l/w<100 and a thickness t such that 10<l/t<100. It is obtained by a process consisting in preparing a precursor gel by bringing α-V 2 O 5 and a Li precursor into contact in amounts such that the ratio of the concentrations [V 2 O 5 ]/[Li] is between 1.15 and 1.5 and in subjecting the gel to a heat treatment comprising a first stage at 80° C.-150° C. for 3 h to 15 days and a second stage between 250° C. and 350° C. for 4 min to 1 hour, under a nitrogen or argon atmosphere. It is useful as an active material of a positive electrode.
1. A composite positive electrode for a lithium battery, comprising a composite material which comprises lithium oxide Li 1+α V 3 O 8 (0.1≦α≦0.25) composed of agglomerates of small needles, said needles having a length (l) from 400 to 1000 nm, a width (w) such that 10<l/w<100 and a thickness (t) such that 10<l/t<100.
2. The composite positive electrode as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the composite material additionally comprises:
a binder conferring mechanical strength,
a compound conferring electron conduction, and
optionally a compound conferring ionic conduction.
3. The composite positive electrode as claimed in claim 2 , wherein:
the content of oxide Li 1+α V 3 O 8 is between 80 and 90% by weight;
the content of binder is less than 10% by weight;
the content of compound conferring electron conduction is between 5 and 15% by weight; and
the content of compound conferring ionic conduction is less than 5% by weight.
4. The electrode as claimed in claim 2 , wherein the binder comprises a solvating polymer, a non-solvating polymer, or a mixture of solvating polymer and nonsolvating polymer.
5. The electrode as claimed in claim 4 , wherein the binder additionally comprises a polar aprotic compound.
6. The electrode as claimed in claim 2 , wherein the compound conferring ionic conduction is a lithium salt selected from the group consisting of LiClO 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiR F SO 3 , LiCH 3 SO 3 , lithium bisperfluoroalkylsulfonimides and lithium bis- and trisperfluorosulfonylmethides.
7. The electrode as claimed in claim 4 , wherein the non-solvating polymer is selected from the group consisting of vinylidene fluoride homopolymers and copolymers; copolymers of ethylene, propylene, and diene; tetrafluoroethylene homopolymers and copolymers; N-vinylpyrrolidone homopolymers and copolymers; acrylonitrile homopolymers and copolymers; and methacrylonitrile homopolymers and copolymers.
8. The electrode as claimed in claim 7 , wherein the non-solvating polymer is poly(vinylidene fluoride).
9. The electrode as claimed in claim 4 , wherein the solvating polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyethers of linear, comb or block structure based on poly(ethylene oxide); copolymers comprising ethylene oxide or propylene oxide or allyl glycidyl ether unit; polyphosphazenes; crosslinked networks based on polyethylene glycol crosslinked by isocyanates; and copolymers of oxyethylene and of epichlorohydrin.
10. The electrode as claimed in claim 5 , wherein the polar aprotic compound is selected from the group consisting of linear or cyclic carbonates; linear or cyclic ethers; linear or cyclic esters; linear or cyclic sulfones; sulfamides; and nitriles.
11. The electrode as claimed in claim 2 , wherein the compound conferring electron conduction is selected from the group consisting of carbon blacks, graphites, carbon fibers, carbon nanowires and carbon nanotubes.
12. A positive electrode for a lithium battery comprising a composite material which comprises:
a binder conferring mechanical strength,
a compound conferring electron conduction,
optionally a compound conferring ionic conduction, and
lithium oxide Li 1+α V 3 O 8 (0.1≦α≦0.25) obtained by a process comprising:
preparing a precursor gel and subjecting said gel to a heat treatment, wherein:
the precursor gel is prepared by bringing α-V 2 O 5 and a Li precursor into contact in a reaction medium in amounts such that the ratio of the [V 2 O 5 ]/[Li] concentrations is between 1.15 and 1.5; and
the heat treatment is carried out in two stages: a first stage under air at a temperature of between 80° C. and 150° C. for a time of 3 hours to 15 days and a second stage under a nitrogen or argon atmosphere at a temperature of between 250° C. and 350° C. for a time of between 4 min and 1 hour.
13. The electrode as claimed in claim 12 , the lithium oxide Li 1+α V 3 O 8 (0.1≦α≦0.25) is composed of agglomerates of small needles, said needles having a length (l) from 400 to 1000 nm, a width (w) such that 10<l/w<100 and a thickness (t) such that 10<l/t<100.
14. The electrode as claimed in claim 12 , wherein:
the content of oxide Li 1+α V 3 O 8 is between 80 and 90% by weight;
the content of binder is less than 10% by weight;
the content of compound conferring electron conduction is between 5 and 15% by weight; and
the content of compound conferring ionic conduction is less than 5% by weight.
15. A battery comprising a negative electrode and a positive electrode separated by an electrolyte comprising a lithium salt in solution in a solvent or a lithium inorganic conducting solid, wherein the positive electrode is an electrode as claimed in claim 1 .
16. The battery as claimed in claim 15 , wherein the electrolyte comprises a lithium salt in solution and the lithium salt is selected from the group consisting of LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiR F SO 3 , LiCH 3 SO 3 , LiN(R F SO 2 ) 2 , LiC(R F SO 2 ) 3 and LiCF(R F SO 2 ) 2 wherein R F is a perfluoroalkyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
17. The battery as claimed in claim 15 , wherein the electrolyte comprises a lithium salt in solution and the solvent is selected from the group consisting of one or more polar aprotic compounds; a solvating polymer, a mixture of a polar aprotic compound and a solvating polymer; and a mixture of a polar aprotic compound, a solvating polymer, and a non-solvating polymer.
18. The battery as claimed in claim 15 , wherein the electrolyte is an lithium inorganic conducting solid selected from the group consisting of Li 4 XO 4 —Li 3 YO 4 ; Li 4 XO 4 —Li 2 AO 4 ; Li 4 XO 4 —LiZO 2 ; and Li 4 XO 4 —Li 2 BXO 4 , wherein X is Si, Ge or Ti; Y is P, As, or V; A is Mo or S; Z is Al, Ga, or Cr; and B is Ca or Zn.
19. The battery as claimed in claim 15 , wherein the electrolyte additionally comprises additives selected from the group consisting of plasticizer, filler, salts and mixtures thereof.
20. The battery as claimed in claim 15 , wherein the negative electrode is a lithium metal, a lithium alloy, or a composite material.