Control of nanocrystalline cellulose film iridescence wavelength
A new method to control the iridescence color of solid nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) films by ultrasound and high-shear (mechanical) energy input to the NCC suspension prior to film formation is provided. As the energy input to the NCC suspension increases, the resulting film color shifts from the ultraviolet region towards the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum; this wavelength shift lies in the opposite direction to that caused by the addition of electrolytes to NCC suspensions prior to film formation. No additives are required to achieve the changes in color; color changes can also be effected by mixing two suspensions exposed to different levels of sonication.
1. A method of producing a change in chiral nematic order or pitch of a nanocrystalline cellulose material comprising:
subjecting a first suspension of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) having a first chiral nematic order or first pitch associated with a first wavelength band of iridescence to a mechanical energy input to achieve a second chiral nematic order or second pitch associated with a second wavelength band of iridescence,
mixing said first suspension having the second wavelength band of iridescence with a second suspension of NCC having a third chiral nematic order or third pitch associated with a third wavelength band of iridescence to produce a third suspension of NCC with a fourth chiral nematic order or fourth pitch associated with a fourth wavelength band of iridescence intermediate said second and third wavelength bands.
2. A method according to claim 1 , including a step of allowing liquid in said third suspension to evaporate with formation of a solid film having said fourth wavelength band of iridescence.
3. A method according to claim 2 , wherein said film is formed as a self-supporting film.
4. A method according to claim 2 , wherein said film is formed as a coating on a substrate to provide a film-coated article.
5. A method according to claim 2 , wherein said liquid in said third suspension is evaporated from a thin film of the third suspension.
6. A method according to claim 1 , wherein said mechanical energy input is ultrasound.
7. A method according to claim 1 , wherein said mechanical energy input is shear forces.
8. A method according to claim 1 , wherein said third suspension has a concentration of NCC of 1% to 8%, by weight of the third suspension.
9. A method according to claim 1 , wherein said energy input is 50 to 25,000 joules/g of total NCC in the first suspension, to shift the iridescence wavelength band from said first wavelength band to said second wavelength band, said second wavelength being longer than said first wavelength.
10. A method according to claim 1 , including exposing at least one of the NCC suspensions to a predetermined condition of pH or ionic strength to shorten the wavelength of iridescence of a resulting dried film.
11. A method of introducing a change in chiral nematic order or pitch in a nanocrystalline cellulose material comprising:
subjecting a first suspension of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) to a mechanical energy input to produce a second suspension of nanocrystalline cellulose, the first suspension having a first chiral nematic order or first pitch which in a solid film derived from said first suspension is associated with a first wavelength band of iridescence, wherein the mechanical energy input produces a second chiral nematic order or second pitch which in a second solid film derived from said second suspension is associated with a second wavelength band of iridescence, said second wavelength band being located at a longer wavelength than said first wavelength band wherein the first suspension and the second suspension are aqueous suspensions comprising water.
12. A method according to claim 11 , including a step of allowing liquid of the second suspension to evaporate to form a film having said second wavelength band of iridescence.
13. A method according to claim 12 , wherein said water in said second suspension is evaporated at temperatures ranging from ambient to just below boiling while said suspension is in a quiescent state.
14. A method according to claim 11 , wherein said first suspension has a concentration of NCC of 1% to 8%, by weight of the suspension, said mechanical energy input is ultrasound or shear forces and said energy input is 50 to 25,000 joules/g of total NCC in the first suspension.
15. A method of producing a nanocrystalline cellulose material of predetermined pitch comprising:
subjecting a suspension of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) having a chiral nematic order associated with a first pitch to a mechanical energy input to shift said first pitch to a second pitch, said second pitch being longer than said first pitch.
16. A method according to claim 15 , wherein said mechanical energy input is ultrasound or shear forces and said energy input is 50 to 25,000 joules/g of total NCC in the suspension, and wherein said suspension has a concentration of NCC of 1% to 8%, by weight of the suspension.