Broadband solar control film
Traditional solar control applications rely on thin metal films to reflect EM radiation with wavelengths longer than that of the visible spectrum. Unfortunately such films also block radiation in cellular, GPS, and radio frequency bands. In one aspect, the disclosure provides a selectively-blocking filter that uses one or more optical filters tuned to a specific range(s) of wavelengths (e.g. for blocking IR radiation), while readily transmitting other wavelengths (e.g. both visible light and cellular/GPS signals). The filters can be manufactured on both flexible and rigid substrates.
1. A filter comprising a first integrated stack and a second integrated stack planarly contacting the first integrated stack or planarly contacting an optional intermediate layer between the first and second integrated stacks,
wherein the first integrated stack comprises:
(a) a first film (A) comprising one or more of a first bilayer, wherein the first bilayer comprises a polyelectrolyte, and wherein the first film has a refractive index n A ; and
(b) a second film (B) planarly contacting the first film (A) and comprising one or more of a second bilayer, wherein the second bilayer comprises a polyelectrolyte, and wherein the second film has a refractive index n B wherein:
at least one of the polyelectrolyte of the first film (A) or the polyelectrolyte of the second film (B) comprises a polymer polyelectrolyte;
n A and n B differ by at least 0.4;
the filter selectively reflects electromagnetic radiation within a band of wavelengths around a selected wavelength
wherein the second integrated stack selectively reflects electromagnetic radiation and comprises:
(c) a third film (C) having a refractive index n C ; and
(d) a fourth film (D) planarly contacting the third film and having a refractive index n D , wherein:
n C is greater than n D by at least 0.4;
the second stack reflects electromagnetic radiation within a band of wavelengths around a selected wavelength λ 2 ; and the filter reflects electromagnetic radiation within a band of wavelengths around (λ 1 +λ 2 )/2.
2. The filter of claim 1 , comprising a substrate planarly contacting the first integrated stack.
3. The filter of claim 1 , wherein the polyelectrolyte of the first film is a polymer polyelectrolyte, and wherein the first bilayer further comprises nanoparticles.
4. The filter of claim 1 , wherein the polyelectrolyte of the second film is a polymer polyelectrolyte, and wherein the second bilayer further comprises nanoparticles.
5. The filter of claim 1 , wherein the band of wavelengths has a full width half maximum of at least 50 nm.
6. The filter of claim 1 , wherein the first integrated stack is porous, and wherein the filter optionally comprises crosslinked materials in at least a portion of the pores.
7. The filter of claim 1 , wherein the first integrated stack comprises a plurality of first films (A) and a plurality of second films (B), wherein each of the plurality of second films (B) is planarly contacting a first film (A) such that the first and second films are arranged in an alternating sequence.
8. The filter of claim 7 , wherein the total number of first and second films in the first integrated stack is odd.
9. The filter of claim 1 ,
wherein the filter further comprises a plurality of third films (C) and a plurality of fourth films (D), wherein each of the plurality of third films (C) is planarly contacting a fourth film (D) such that the third and fourth films are arranged in an alternating sequence.
10. The filter of claim 1 ,
wherein the filter further comprises a plurality of third films (C) and a plurality of fourth films (D), wherein each of the plurality of third films (C) is planarly contacting a fourth film (D) such that the third and fourth films are arranged in an alternating sequence, and wherein the optical thickness of each of the third films (C) and each of the fourth films (D) is λ 2 /4.
11. The filter of claim 1 ,
wherein the optional intermediate layer is present and comprises a non-metal film (E) having a refractive index n E and a thickness equal to (λ 1 +λ 2 )/8.
12. The filter of claim 1 , wherein the filter transmits >60% of signals selected from GPS, RF, cellular, and combinations thereof.
13. The filter of claim 2 , wherein the polyelectrolyte of the first film is a polymer polyelectrolyte, and wherein the first bilayer further comprises nanoparticles.
14. The filter of claim 5 , wherein the first integrated stack is porous, and the filter optionally comprises crosslinked materials in at least a portion of the pores.
15. The filter of claim 7 , wherein the first integrated stack is porous, and wherein the filter optionally comprises crosslinked materials in at least a portion of the pores.
16. The filter of claim 7 , wherein the band of wavelengths has a full width half maximum of at least 50 nm, wherein the polyelectrolyte of the first film is a polymer polyelectrolyte, and wherein the first bilayer further comprises nanoparticles, wherein the polyelectrolyte of the second film is a polymer polyelectrolyte, and wherein the second bilayer further comprises nanoparticles.
17. A method for forming the filter of claim 1 , wherein the filter further comprises a substrate planarly contacting the first integrated stack, the method comprising the following steps:
(a) depositing a first film (A) onto a substrate using a Layer-by-Layer (LbL) deposition method;
(b) depositing a second film (B) onto the first film (A) using an LbL deposition method;
(c) depositing a first film (A) onto the second film (B) from (b) using an LbL deposition method;
(d) repeating steps (b) and (c) a plurality of times to form the first integrated stack; and
(e) depositing the second integrated stack onto the first integrated stack.
18. The filter of claim 1 , wherein the filter has a defined visible light transmission (T vis ) such that:
T ser >74.7−0.3098*T vis , and
A sol <10%;
wherein T ser is total solar energy rejection and A sol is solar absorbance.